Which will show maximum depression in freezing point when concentration is 0.1 and?
When the concentration of a substance is 0.1, the freezing point depression will be the maximum.
What is freezing point?The temperature when a substance changes into a solid is known as the freezing point.. It is the point when the molecules in a liquid gain enough energy to form solid crystals and form a solid. Freezing point depends on the type of substance and the pressure. For example, water freezes at 0°C (32°F) at 1 atmosphere of pressure. However, some substances freeze at temperatures below 0°C and some substances do not freeze solid at all. The freezing point of a substance is an important physical property that can be used to identify it.
This is because the freezing point depression increases with the increase in concentration. The freezing point depression for a 0.1 molar solution is approximately 1.86°C. This means that the freezing point of a 0.1 molar solution is 1.86°C lower than the freezing point of pure solvent. This effect is due to solutes interfering with the hydrogen bonding between molecules of the solvent and therefore decreasing the freezing point.
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(CH3)2O - Lewis Structure, Molecular Structure, Polarity, Isomers, Hybridization of Central Atom
Hybridization of oxygen is Sp³ and hybridization of carbon is Sp³ .Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, which results from the electronegativity differences between the oxygen and carbon atoms, acetone is a polar chemical. As a result, Acetone has a dipole moment of about 2.69. Lewis Structure, Molecular Structure and isomer are attach in image below.
What is acetone ?The organic molecule acetone has the chemical formula (CH3)2CO. The smallest and most basic ketone. It is a colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctively strong odor that is also highly volatile. Because it is miscible with water, acetone is used as a significant organic solvent in industry, the household, and laboratories.
Acetone is a ketone, whereas alcohols belong to a separate class known as alcohols. Alcohols can be created from ketones (reacting with hydrogen or another reducing agent). Ketones can isomerize to unsaturated alcohols under specific circumstances.
Thus, Acetone has a dipole moment of about 2.69.
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What is Scope 1 and 2 emissions?
Scope 1 emissions are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are directly caused by an organization's activities. Scope 2 emissions are GHG emissions that result from the generation of electricity, heat, or steam that an organization consumes.
Scope 1 emissions are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are directly caused by an organization's activities. These emissions are emitted from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization, and are a result of the organization's operations. Examples of scope 1 emissions include emissions from fuel combustion in company-owned vehicles and emissions from on-site fuel-fired boilers or heaters.
Scope 2 emissions are GHG emissions that result from the generation of electricity, heat, or steam that an organization consumes. These emissions are often referred to as "indirect emissions" because they are not directly emitted by the organization itself, but rather by the source of the energy that the organization consumes. For example, if an organization consumes electricity from a coal-fired power plant, the emissions from the power plant's fuel combustion would be considered scope 2 emissions for the organization.
Scope 1 and 2 emissions are often referred to as "direct emissions" because they are caused directly by the activities of the reporting organization. In contrast, scope 3 emissions, also known as "other indirect emissions," are those that result from activities that are not under the control or ownership of the reporting organization, but are a part of its value chain.
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What period has 3 valence electrons?
The periodic table's third period (row) element, aluminum, has three valence electrons.
What element's valence electrons total three?Therefore, gallium has three valence electrons. By sharing electrons, atoms can join to form an octet of valence electrons. Consequently, a substance with three electron shells is classified as Period 3.
What in the periodic table is period 2?Lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon are among the elements found in the second period. This time frame corresponds to the filling of the second (n = 2) shell, notably its 2s and 2p subshells, in a quantum mechanical description of atomic structure.
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predict the major product for each of the following reactions
4-Chlorobut-1-ene with HBr (a)
In this reaction, an alkene is present. Thus, there will be an addition reaction in which the most substituted carbon will get the addition of the nucleophile "". Here, carbon 3 results in 3-bromo-1-chlorobutane.
1-Chlorobut-1-ene with HBr (b)
We additionally have an alkene in this reaction. Thus, there will be an addition reaction in which the most substituted carbon will get the addition of the nucleophile "". Here, carbon 2 creates 2-bromo-1-chlorobutane.
(c) H2O, H+, and 4,4-Dimethylcyclopentene
In this reaction, an alkene is present. Thus, there will be an addition reaction in which the most substituted carbon will get the addition of the nucleophile "". 3,3-dimethylcyclopentan-1-ol is produced in this instance from carbon 3.
Propyne with 2HCl (d)
In this reaction, an alkyne is present. We will therefore experience an additional reaction.
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HOW TO DRAW STRUCTURE OF BrF2+AND HOW MANY Valence Electron It Have?
structure BrF₂ attached below and it have 20 electron valency.
The BrF₂⁺ Lewis structure: how to draw it?The Lewis structure of BrF₂⁺ can be illustrated as follows:
Take the valence electron count as the first step.
With 7 valence electrons each, the halogens bromine and fluorine belong to the 17th group of the periodic table.
The bromine atom in BrF₂ has 7 outermost valence shell electrons.
BrF₂ has 7 electrons in the fluorine atom's outermost valence shell.
Due to the presence of two fluorine atoms in bromo difluoride, a total of 7+7(2) = 21 valence electrons are available. and BrF₂⁺ means it donate their proton so there gonna be 20 valence electron.
The second step is to place the least electronegative atom possible in the middle of the molecule.
From the top of the group in the periodic table to the bottom, the value of electronegativity drops. Therefore, the electronegative value of bromine is lower than that of fluorine.
The bromine atom is preserved in the middle of the molecule and is surrounded by two fluorine atoms since it has the least electronegativity.
Then Place two electrons to symbolize a link between the atoms.
Of order for the atoms in a BrF₂⁺ molecule to make bonds with one another, place two electrons between each bromine and fluorine atom.
The remaining unbonded electrons are divided among the atoms to complete the octet.
The BrF₂⁺ molecule contains a total of 20 valence electrons. Four of these are utilised to form bonds with the bromine and fluorine atoms, leaving the remaining 16 electrons unconnected.
To complete the octet, each fluorine atom needs six non-bonded electrons and two electrons from the single bond it created with bromine. The BrF₂⁺ molecule requires 12 non-bonded electrons because it contains two fluorine atoms.
The central bromine atom will continue to receive the remaining five unbonded electrons, and four additional electrons will be used to create the single bond with the fluorine atoms. As a result, bromine gains a total of nine electrons, expanding into an octet.
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NH: H0+ NH4 SO,2- CHCl3 Crude Sketch Calculations (# of valence electrons, # of bonds, etc. Lewis Structure #electron groups, electron group geometry # of bonded atoms, molecular shape Resonance structures (if any) Polar or nonpolar
The compound NH₄⁺ is tetrahedral in geometry and is non-polar. SO₂ is polar in nature and has a bend shape. CHCl₃ is tetrahedral and it is polar.
What are polar compounds?Polar compounds are those having a permanent dipole moment. When the atoms bonded together have significant difference in electronegativity the electrons will attracts more to the highly electronegative atom and there occurs a net dipole moment results in polarity.
The ammonium ion NH₄⁺ is a tetrahedral molecule having no polarity. The dipole moments cancel each other due its tetrahedral nature. SO₂ is bend in geometry due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on oxygen atom. It is a polar compound.
The compound trichloromethane has a net dipole moment and it is polar with a tetrahedral structure.
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A material is said to be ductile if it
a. can be pulled out, or drawn, into a long wire
b. can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets and other shapes
c. can transfer heat or electricity to another material
d. is a mixture of a metal with at least one other element
A material is said to be ductile if it can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets and other shapes
What is ductility?
A material's susceptibility to drawing is how the mechanical feature of ductility is most frequently defined (e.g. into wire). The degree to which a material can withstand plastic deformation under tensile stress before failing is known as ductility in the field of materials research. In engineering and manufacturing, ductility is a crucial factor. It specifies a material's ability to withstand mechanical overload and its appropriateness for specific manufacturing processes, including cold working. Gold and copper are two examples of metals that are typically referred to as ductile. However, not all metals are brittle, since some, like cast iron, are capable of ductile failure. Polymers can commonly be thought of as ductile materials since they frequently permit plastic deformation.Therefore, A material is said to be ductile if it can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets and other shapes
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What is the next step in the process after a substrate enters the active site of an enzyme the chemical reaction occurs?
The chemical reaction takes place when a substrate is chemically altered by an enzyme after entering the active site of the enzyme.
At the enzyme's catalytic site, which is where the reaction takes place, this chemical modification of the substrate occurs. The substrate may engage in a number of chemical reactions at the catalytic site, such as the transfer of a chemical group or the breaking or forming of chemical bonds. The enzyme and the substrate in question determine the specific kind of chemical reaction that occurs.
One or more products are produced as a result of the chemical modification of the substrate and are then released by the enzyme. The chemical is then accessible to tie and catalyze the response with extra substrate atoms.
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Draw three possible monohalogenation products for this reaction. A Brz (1 equiv) hv 1 1 1 . 1 . . Draw a 3° Product Select to Draw 10 Product + Work Screen Bry (1 equiv) hv 1 1 1 . Draw a 3° Product + Select to Draw zoaleri Product 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . Draw a 2° Product .
Three possible monohalogenation products for this reaction are (Z)-2-bromohex-2-ene, (R)-3-bromo-3-methylcyclohex-1-ene, and (1R,4R)-1,4-dibromocyclohexane.
A substance can be monohalogenation chemically by adding one or more halogens to it. This type of transformation is essential for the production of polymers and pharmaceuticals, among other things, due to the extensive occurrence of compounds containing halides. [1] In fact, this kind of conversion happens so frequently that it is challenging to give a whole explanation. This article's main focus is on how elemental halogens are used in halogenation (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Halogen acids and halide salts are commonly used to introduce halides. For the purpose of adding halogens to diverse substrates, including thionyl chloride, a wide range of specialized reagents are available. There are several ways to halogenate organic molecules, including the halogen addition process, electrophilic halogenation, free radical halogenation, and ketone halogenation. The substrate's characteristics determine the route. The halogen has an impact on the halogenation facility. Fluorine and chlorine are more vigorous halogenating agents and are more electrophilic. Iodine is the least reactive of all the halogenating agents, while bromine is weaker than both fluorine and chlorine.
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What happens to your body when you smile?
Your brain's stress-reduction mechanisms are activated when you smile. Neuropeptides are these chemicals that let neurons in your brain communicate with one another. Dopamine, endorphins, and serotonin are also released by smiling in the brain.
Why is smiling so essential?
Studies have shown that in addition to the endorphins that people release, smiling can also reduce stress, blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood sugar levels, strengthen immune systems, and release serotonin and natural painkillers. Attracts People to You - A smile frequently relaxes other people.
Your brain's stress-reduction mechanisms are activated when you smile. Neuropeptides are these chemicals that let neurons in your brain communicate with one another. Dopamine, endorphins, and serotonin are also released by smiling in the brain.
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Which statement about the number of protons and neutrons in a nuclear change is correct?
Responses
The total charge before and after the change remains the same, but the total atomic mass is different.
The relative numbers of protons and neutrons are the same before and after the change.
The relative numbers of protons and neutrons can differ before and after the change, but the total number of those particles remains the same.
The total atomic mass before and after the change remains the same, but the total charge is different.
Answer:
The correct statement about the number of protons and neutrons in a nuclear change is: "The relative numbers of protons and neutrons can differ before and after the change, but the total number of those particles remains the same."
Explanation:
In a nuclear change, the total number of protons and neutrons (also known as nucleons) remains constant, but the specific arrangement of those nucleons can change. This can be achieved through processes such as nuclear decay, where an unstable nucleus emits particles and becomes more stable, or through nuclear reactions, where two or more nuclei collide and rearrange to form new nuclei. In either case, the total number of protons and neutrons is conserved, but the specific numbers of protons and neutrons in the resulting nuclei can be different from the original nuclei.
It's important to note that the total atomic mass (also known as the atomic weight) and total charge of a nucleus can change as a result of a nuclear change. The atomic mass is determined by the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, so it will be different if the relative numbers of those particles change. The total charge of a nucleus is determined by the number of protons, so it will be different if the number of protons changes.
Convert the following Fischer projections to perspective formulas.
By using the Fischer Projections, we may depict 3D molecule structures in a 2D setting without affecting their characteristics or structural integrity.
The Fischer Projection is made up of both horizontal and vertical lines, where the horizontal lines stand in for atoms that are pointing in the viewer's direction and the vertical lines for the opposite. The central carbon is shown as the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines.
The asymmetric carbon atom is located at the line's intersection in the Fischer projection, which resembles a cross. The horizontal lines are seen as wedges or bonds that extend outward in the direction of the viewer. The vertical lines are projected as dashed lines away from the spectator.
Figures a, b, and c hold the molecule such that the chiral center (C), two bonds, which are on a horizontal plane, are coming out of the plane of the paper, and the three remaining bonds, which are on a vertical plane, is going into the plane of the paper.
Hold the molecule as shown in figure (d) so that the two chiral centers (i.e., C) are on the paper's plane, four bonds are coming out of the paper's plane and are on a horizontal plane, and the final two bonds are entering the paper's plane and are on a vertical plane.
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When 0.6 g of urea is dissolved in 100g of water the solution will boil at immersive reader 1 point?
Boiling point of solution when 0.6 g of urea is dissolved in 100g of water, is 100.052°C.
What is solution?A solution in chemistry is a specific kind of homogenous mixture made up of two or more components. A solute is a material that has been dissolved in the solvent in such a combination. If there are more attractive interactions between the solvent and solute particles than between the solute particles themselves, the solvent particles will surround and separate the solute particles. The particles of the solute that are enclosed by the solid solute subsequently disperse into the solution.When a chemical is added, the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will rise, a phenomenon known as boiling-point elevation, which implies that a solution has a higher boiling point.The existence and quantity of dissolved particles have an impact on the boiling point elevation, but the identification of the dissolved particles has no bearing on this attribute.It results from the solvent being diluted when a solute is present. This phenomena is independent of any particular solute-solvent interactions and happens for all solutes in all solutions, even perfect solutions.When the solute is both an electrolyte (like different salts) and a non-electrolyte, the boiling point rises.Urea mass = 0.6 g
Water's mass is 100 g, or 0.1 kg, and its molarity is 0.6/60*0.1, or 0.1 M.
Boiling point increase = Tb
Boiling point of the solution is calculated as Kb*m = 0.52*0.1 = 0.052 K.
Pure water has a boiling point of T = 373 K.
Tb = Tb - T Tb
= Tb + T 373 + 0.052
= 373.052 K
= 100.05 °C
Consequently, the solution's boiling point is 100.052°C.
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Complete question: When 0.6g of urea dissolved in 100g of water, the water will boil at (Kb for water=0.52kJ.mol −1 and normal boiling point of water =100 ∘ C).
The number of electron energy levels in a magnesium atom is
12345
Three levels of electron energy are present in the magnesium atom (shells).
Magnesium and aluminum are a desired alloy because it combines strength and lightweight while having a lower density than aluminum. All cells and almost 300 enzymes depend on this element, which is the tenth most prevalent element by mass in the human body. An atom's mass is its atomic mass. Because it relates to the mass of a single particle, the atomic mass or relative isotopic mass is associated with a particular isotope of an element. Magnesium has an atomic mass of 24.305 u. Magnesium's typical isotopes have masses of 24, 25, and 26. 12 is the atomic number.
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a substance that resists changes in ph is referred to as a(n) _____.
A substance that resists changes in pH is referred to as a buffer.
What is a buffer?A buffer is a substance that resists changes in its pH when a small quantity of a strong acid or base is added to it.
Buffers are usually prepared from solutions of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
Buffers are usually found in living organisms as they help living organisms maintain homeostasis.
Some of the buffers found in living organisms include:
the bloodthe bicarbonate bufferhemoglobin buffer,phosphate buffer, proteins,and ammonium buffer.The pH of a solution measures the acidity or basicity of the solution.
pH values less than 7 are acidic, while pH values greater than 7 are basic, A pH of 7 is neutral.
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I need help finding the answer to this question
Answer:
1.1 for 3d, 0.76 for 16d.
Explanation:
You divide the mass of one nail by the nail size.... I think
What is the shape of the oval symbol?
The shape of oval symbol is a ellipse.
The oval shape symbol depict a elliptical path. Except in the context of projective geometry, the term "oval" as used to describe curves in geometry is not well defined. Commonly referred to as ovals or described as having a "oval shape," several unique curves. Typically, a planar curve must resemble the shape of an egg or an ellipse in order to be referred to as an oval. These unique characteristics of ovals are typical:
They have a shape that is similar to that of an ellipse, are differentiable (smooth-looking), simple (not self-intersecting), convex, closed, planar curves, and an axis of symmetry would often exist in an oval, but it is not necessary.
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What element has a charge of 3?
A lithium atom has a charge of three. As a result, a nitrogen atom will produce an anion with a charge of 3 and three more electrons than protons. The ion is known as a nitride ion and has the symbol N3 for it.
What three atom charges are there?There are protons, neutrons, and electrons, three types of subatomic particles. Protons and electrons, two of the subatomic particles, each have an electrical charge of one or the other. On the other hand, neutrons lack a charge.
What do you call 3 atoms?Triatomic molecules are made up of three atoms, which can be from the same chemical element or another. Examples include H2O, CO2, HCN, and O3 (see image) (ozone).
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Problem 7.60 What are the products of the following reactions? Part A + Cl excess CH2Cl2
The product of the chemical equation involving methane and chlorine will subsequently form CH₂Cl₂ which on further reaction with chlorine will form CCl₄.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
The chemical equations involved are CH₄ +Cl₂[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CH₃Cl +HCl
CH₃Cl +Cl₂[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CH₂Cl₂ +HCl
CH₂Cl₂+Cl₂[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CHCl₃+HCl
CHCl₃+Cl₂[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]CCl₄+HCl
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What is the valence of C?
How many cells contain the same text as the red oval?
The cells contain the same text as red oval are 5.
A string is a sort of data in computer science that contains sequences of characters, some of which can take the form of series of integers.
With the exception of the last shape at the bottom right of the figure, all of the forms in the choice have a string of numbers that correspond to the red oval shape.
As a result, we can infer that there are 5 forms that share the same string as the red oval.
Thus, computer science can help solve problem related to complex mathematics with ease.
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2.3581 x 10³
pls help
Answer:
2358.1
Explanation:
I just pressed the calculator :]
10³ = 1000
2.3581 × 1000
=2358.1
Sorry if this didn't help you :)
Review how scientific ideas change with time.
Answer:
experiments which gases that first became possible at the turn of the nineteenth century legend Dalton in 1803 to propose a modern theory of the atom based on the how did the following assumptions
A sample of 0. 0255 mol potassium hydroxide, koh, was dissolved in water to yield 10. 0 ml of solution. Which amount would you need to change to solve for molarity?.
Explanation:
To solve for molarity, you would need to change the volume of the solution.
Molarity is a measure of concentration in a solution, and it is calculated by dividing the number of moles of solute (in this case, potassium hydroxide) by the volume of the solution (in liters). The molarity of a solution is usually represented by the symbol "M".
In the given sample, the number of moles of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is 0.0255 mol, and the volume of the solution is 10.0 ml. To solve for the molarity of the solution, you would need to convert the volume from milliliters to liters, and then divide the number of moles of KOH by the volume of the solution in liters to calculate the molarity.
For example, to solve for the molarity of the solution, you could use the following formula:
M = (0.0255 mol KOH) / (10.0 ml / 1000 ml/L)
= 0.00255 M
This would give you the molarity of the solution as 0.00255 M.
A student conducted an investigation to determine the effect of water temperature on the amount of sugar that dissolves in a beaker of water. Identify components for trial 1 of this investigation.
The following data from an experiment to ascertain the effect of water temperature on the amount of sugar that dissolves in a beaker of water were present, and the following components were to be identified:
Water content (mL) - constant Amount of Sugar's temperature is constant. The water's temperature (°C) is variable. Sugar dissolved in water (g): variesThe experiment is divided into three main sections:
Independent variable: These are the factors that the researcher modifies or manipulates to observe the impact on the dependent variable. The temperature of the water acts as an independent variable in this experiment since it influences how much sugar dissolves.Dependent variables :the variables that vary along with and in response to changes in the independent variables. The dependent variable in this experiment is the amount of sugar that dissolves as a function of the change in water temperature.Constant or control: these are the elements that remain the same throughout the experiment, preventing any additional influences from having an impact on the dependent variableSo, the correct answer is -
Water content (mL) - constantAmount of Sugar's temperature is constant.The water's temperature (°C) is variableSugar dissolved in water (g): varies.To know more Independent variable click on below link:
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Complete question:
A student conducted an investigation to determine the effect of water temperature on the amount of sugar that dissolves in a beaker of water. Identify components for trial 1 of this investigation.
Which solution will freeze at the lowest temperature?
H2SO4 solution will freeze at the lowest temperature.
What is freezing point?
A solution's freezing point is lesser than that of the pure solvent. This signifies that freezing can only occur when a solution is reduced to a lower temperature than the pure solvent.
We have four solutions,
1.0 M NaOH
Pure water
1.0 M H2SO4
1.0 M C6H12O6
As, freezing point of solution ∝ 1\number of ions\ moles produced
1. NaOH= Na+ + OH- (Number of ions= 2)
2. H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH- (Number of ions= 2)
3. H2SO4 = 2H+ + SO42- (Number of ions= 3)
4. Glucose will not dissociate in any extent.
Therefore, freezing point of solution is least when it contains 1.0 M H2SO4 in it, as number of ions is maximum among these (3).
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Complete question:
Which solution will freeze at the lowest temperature? 1.0 M NaOH Pure Water 1.0 M H2SO4 1.0 M C6H12O6.
Select the intermolecular forces present in water. lon-dipole H-bonding Dipole-dipole London Dispersion Question 9 2 pts Select the intermolecular forces present in dichloromethane. H-bonding London Dispersion lon-dipole Dipole-dipole
intermolecular forces present in water
1- H bonding 2- Dipole Dipole interaction 3- London dispersion forces.
Polar O-H bonds exist in water. The negative O atoms in nearby molecules attract the positive H atoms, resulting in the unexpectedly powerful type of dipole-dipole force known as a hydrogen bond. Water has dipole-induced dipole and London dispersion forces because it has hydrogen bonds.As a result, the intermolecular forces in water are -1- Hydrogen bonding 2-Dipole interaction 3- Dispersion forces in London.Dipole-dipole conversations are sluggish interactions that take place when perpetual or induced dipoles arrive into close vicinity. These forces are referred to collectively as Dipole - Dipole interaction. Proteins contain large quantities of the these interactions, the resilience of which varies greatly. Polar molecules are diplexer molecules that are abundant in nature.
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Biomolecules are essential organic molecules which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These vary in composition, structure, and function. Select all of the choices that correctly pairs the biomolecule and one of its functions.
A. Carbohydrates - energy storage
B. Lipids - structural support
C. Proteins - transport molecules
D. Nucleic acids - genetic information
What would be the temperature of 50g of 20c water mixed with 80g of 40C water?
A mixture of 50g of 20C water and 80g of 40C water has a temperature of 30C.
T is equal to M1 (50g), M2 (25g), and M1 (25g). T1 : 20C
M2 : 50g. T2 : 40C
final temperature: (50*20+50*40)/50+50 :. (3000)/100 : 30C for M1T1+M2T2/M1+M2.
In chemistry, how do you express temperature?The ° symbol is typically used to denote temperature measurements in degrees rather than the written word, with a space following the number but not the symbol and the temperature scale: 80 °C was applied to the sample.
What are the benefits of temperature in chemistry?Chemistry relies heavily on temperature as a factor. It is due to an increase in the material's temperature that a substance transforms from solid to liquid. Increasing the temperature frequently hastens chemical processes.
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