a) The examples of positive externalities is; Education, Vaccination, and Negative Externalities is; Pollution, Noise Pollution. b) Characteristics of Public Goods; Non-excludability, Non-rivalry, and Characteristics of Private Goods; Excludability, Rivalry. c) Economic efficiencies are; Allocative, Productive.
Externalities refer to the spillover effects of economic activities on parties not directly involved in the activity, resulting in costs or benefits that are not reflected in market prices. Externalities can be positive or negative.
Positive Externalities;
Education: When an individual receives education, it not only benefits them directly but also has positive spillover effects on society by increasing overall knowledge, productivity, and innovation.
Vaccinations: When individuals get vaccinated, it not only protects them from diseases but also provides a positive externality by reducing the spread of diseases to others in the community.
Negative Externalities;
Pollution: Industrial activities that release pollutants into the air or water can have negative externalities by causing harm to the environment and human health.
Noise Pollution: Excessive noise from construction sites, traffic, or loud events can have negative externalities by causing annoyance, stress, and health issues for individuals in the surrounding area.
Characteristics of Public Goods;
Non-excludability: Once provided, it is difficult to exclude individuals from enjoying the benefits of a public good.
Non-rivalry: Consumption of the good by one individual does not diminish its availability or consumption by others.
Examples of Public Goods;
Street Lighting: Street lighting provides illumination for everyone in the vicinity and is difficult to exclude individuals from benefiting from it.
National Defense: Defense systems and military protection benefit the entire population and cannot be limited to only those who pay for it.
Characteristics of Private Goods;
Excludability: Producers can exclude individuals from consuming the good if they do not pay for it.
Rivalry: Consumption of the good by one individual reduces its availability or consumption by others.
Examples of Private Goods;
Food: Food products can be purchased and consumed by individuals, and one person's consumption reduces the available quantity for others.
Cars: Cars are privately owned and can be used exclusively by their owners, with one person's use preventing others from using the same car.
Economic efficiencies that should be achieved are;
Allocative Efficiency: This occurs when resources are allocated in a way that maximizes societal welfare. It means that resources are distributed to produce the combination of goods and services that best satisfies people's preferences and needs. Allocative efficiency is achieved when the marginal benefit of consuming a good equals its marginal cost.
Productive Efficiency: This refers to producing goods and services at the lowest possible cost while utilizing resources efficiently. It means achieving the maximum output from given inputs or resources. Productive efficiency is achieved when goods and services are produced at the lowest possible average cost, minimizing waste and inefficiency.
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111 Homework: Homework #3 Question 8, Problem 3-48 (algorithmic) Part 4 of 5 An automobile loan of $29,000 at a nominal rate of 8% compounded monthly for 48 months requires equal end-of-month payments
To determine the equal end-of-month payments for an automobile loan of $29,000 at a nominal rate of 8% compounded monthly for 48 months, we can use the formula for calculating the monthly payment of an amortizing loan.
The formula for calculating the monthly payment is:
PMT = (P * r * (1 + r)^n) / ((1 + r)^n - 1)
Where:
PMT = Monthly payment
P = Principal amount (loan amount)
r = Monthly interest rate (annual rate divided by 12)
n = Total number of payments
First, let's convert the annual nominal interest rate to a monthly interest rate. Since the nominal rate is compounded monthly, we divide the annual rate by 12:
Monthly interest rate = 8% / 12 = 0.08 / 12 = 0.00667
Next, we substitute the given values into the formula:
PMT = (29,000 * 0.00667 * (1 + 0.00667)^48) / ((1 + 0.00667)^48 - 1)
Calculating this expression will give us the equal end-of-month payments for the automobile loan.
After performing the calculation, the monthly payment for the loan is approximately $703.18.
Therefore, to repay the $29,000 automobile loan over 48 months at a nominal rate of 8% compounded monthly, the borrower would need to make equal end-of-month payments of approximately $703.18.
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Imagine you are a consultant and you have been asked to give a
seminar to hotel employees on how they can use the five dimensions
of service to improve customers' perceptions about the quality of
the
In the seminar, I will explain the five dimensions of service, which are reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles.
I will emphasize the importance of each dimension in shaping customers' perceptions of the hotel's quality. For example, I will discuss how providing reliable and consistent services, being responsive to customers' needs and concerns, demonstrating professionalism and competence, showing empathy towards customers, and maintaining a pleasant physical environment can all contribute to a positive customer experience and enhance their perception of the hotel's quality.
I will provide practical examples and strategies that employees can implement to improve their service delivery and create a memorable and satisfying stay for the hotel guests. By focusing on these dimensions, hotel employees can actively contribute to improving the overall customer experience and the hotel's reputation for high-quality service.
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Imagine you are a consultant and you have been asked to give a seminar to hotel employees on how they can use the five dimensions of service to improve customers' perceptions about the quality of the hotel.
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Assume you are the Director of Marketing for Majjus Enterprise, a firm that produces a new product called African Solar. Your company sells to two distinct geographical markets-East Legon and Nima. Majjus Enterprise is described as a monopolist and has the possibility of discriminating between its East Legon and Nima Markets. In order to derive the maximum profit from the production process, you engaged the services of an Econometrician, who estimated the demand functions for both East Legon and Nima markets to be: Q1 = 24 – 0.2P1 East Legon Market Q2 = 10 – 0.05P2 Nima Market Where Q1 and Q2 are the respective quantities of African Solar demanded in the East Legon and Nima markets and P1 and P2 are their respective prices (in GH¢). If the Total Cost (TC) of Majjus Enterprise for producing African Solar for these two markets is given as TC = 35 + 40Q, where Q = Q1 + Q2
. i. What profit will Majjus Enterprise make with and without price discrimination? (10 marks)
ii. What business advice will you give in respect of practicing price discrimination or selling a uniform price? (1 mark)
iii. If price discrimination is the option to implement within the context of elasticity of demand, what pricing policy should be implemented in each market to raise total revenue
Majjus Enterprise produces a new product called African Solar and sells to two distinct geographical markets: East Legon and Nima. The firm has a monopolistic power and has the possibility of price discrimination between its East Legon and Nima Markets.
With price discrimination, Majjus Enterprise would set different prices for both markets. We can calculate the optimal prices for each market using the same equations as above.
P1 = 12.24 and P2 = 7.24. Using these prices and the respective demands, we can calculate the quantity sold in each market.
Q1 = 16.8 and Q2 = 6.8. Therefore, the total quantity sold is
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 23.6.
The total revenue (TR) is
P1Q1 + P2Q2 = GH¢ 311.52.
The total cost (TC) is GH¢ 1075.
Therefore, the total profit (π) is
GH¢ 311.52 - GH¢ 1075 = GH¢ -763.48.
The business advice in respect of practicing price discrimination or selling a uniform price depends on the price elasticity of demand in each market. If the price elasticity of demand is different in each market, then price discrimination can lead to a higher profit. However, if the price elasticity of demand is the same in both markets, then price discrimination will not increase profit.
Therefore, the business advice is to conduct a thorough analysis of the price elasticity of demand before implementing price discrimination. If price discrimination is the option to implement within the context of elasticity of demand, the pricing policy should be implemented to maximize total revenue.
Total revenue is maximized when the price elasticity of demand is unitary, i.e., when |E| = 1. Therefore, the optimal pricing policy is to set the price such that |E| = 1. In the East Legon Market, |E1| = 0.8, and in the Nima Market, |E2| = 0.25. Therefore, the optimal prices are P1 = 12.24 and P2 = 9.6.
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Analysts often value companies by forecasting a series of cash flows and then estimating a horizon value. Suppose a firm forecasts a project's net cash flows ($millions) in years 1 through 4 as $120, $130, $135, and $137, respectively. If the project ends at the end of the fourth year, what is the horizon value of the project? Assume that the company had a historical growth rate of 3 percent and has a discount rate of 10 percent.
A. $0.00
B. $1.37
C. $1.96
D. $4.87
The horizon value of the project is $1.96 million, which is option C. Analysts commonly value businesses by predicting a set of cash flows and then estimating a horizon value. In finance, a horizon value is the future value of a long-term project's free cash flows, which is normally calculated using the terminal growth rate in the final year of the project.
Forecasting is the art and science of estimating future results. Analysts commonly value businesses by predicting a set of cash flows and then estimating a horizon value. In finance, a horizon value is the future value of a long-term project's free cash flows, which is normally calculated using the terminal growth rate in the final year of the project. The concept of the horizon value is used in corporate finance, especially when forecasting cash flows for firms.
In the given scenario, the company has projected that the project's net cash flows for years 1 through 4 would be $120 million, $130 million, $135 million, and $137 million, respectively. We need to estimate the horizon value of the project, assuming that the project ends after the fourth year. To calculate the horizon value, we must first find the free cash flow for year 5, which is expected to grow at a rate of 3%.
Year 5 free cash flow = Year 4 free cash flow × (1 + growth rate) =
$137 million × (1 + 3%)
= $141.11 million
Horizon value = Final year free cash flow × (1 + terminal growth rate) ÷ (discount rate - terminal growth rate)
= $141.11 million × (1 + 3%) ÷ (10% - 3%) = $1.96 million
Therefore, the horizon value of the project is $1.96 million, which is option C.
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CFG Company has the following employees:
Wages Paid
Eddie $ 15,500
Melanie 3,000
Shelly 24,500
CFG receives the maximum credit for state unemployment taxes.
Required:
What is the FUTA tax that CFG Company would owe for the year
The FUTA tax that CFG Company would owe for the year is $258. FUTA stands for Federal Unemployment Tax Act.
This is a payroll tax that is paid by employers and is used to fund the federal unemployment benefits program that is available to workers who lose their jobs through no fault of their own.In order to calculate the FUTA tax that CFG Company would owe for the year, we need to determine the amount of taxable wages that the company has paid to its employees during the year.
The taxable wages are the wages that are subject to FUTA tax. The FUTA tax rate for 2021 is 6.0% of the first $7,000 in taxable wages paid to each employee during the year. However, employers are allowed to take a credit of up to 5.4% for state unemployment taxes paid.The taxable wages for CFG Company are:Eddie: $15,500Melanie: $3,000Shelly: $24,500Total taxable wages: $43,000The FUTA tax owed by CFG Company is calculated as follows:Total taxable wages x FUTA tax rate = FUTA tax43,000 x 6.0% = 2,580
However, CFG Company is allowed to take a credit of up to 5.4% for state unemployment taxes paid. Since the company receives the maximum credit, the FUTA tax owed is reduced by this amount:FUTA tax owed - State unemployment tax credit = FUTA tax payable2,580 - (43,000 x 5.4%) = 2,580 - 2,322 = $258Therefore, the FUTA tax that CFG Company would owe for the year is $258.
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At the end of 2020, Elkhardt Corp. has accounts receivable of $491,400 and an allowance for doubtful accounts of $28,200. On January 24, 2021, Elkhardt learns that its $10,100 receivable from Hutley Inc. is not collectible. Prepare the journal entry to record the write off.
The journal entry to record the write-off of the uncollectible receivable from Hutley Inc. would be as follows:
Accounts Receivable - Hutley Inc. $10,100Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $10,100When a company determines that a receivable is not collectible, it needs to remove the amount from its accounts receivable and adjust the allowance for doubtful accounts accordingly. In this case, Elkhardt Corp. has an accounts receivable balance of $491,400 and an allowance for doubtful accounts of $28,200 at the end of 2020
To record the write-off, we debit the Accounts Receivable - Hutley Inc. account for the specific amount of $10,100, reducing the total accounts receivable balance. Simultaneously, we credit the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts account by the same amount, reflecting the reduction in the estimated collectible amount. By doing so, we are adjusting the allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect the actual uncollectible amount.
The journal entry ensures that the financial statements accurately reflect the true state of Elkhardt Corp.'s accounts receivable and allows for a more accurate assessment of the company's financial position. Writing off the uncollectible receivable helps prevent overstatement of assets and provides a realistic picture of the collectible amounts.
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Explain the financial reporting for special assessment bonds when a government assumes responsibility for debt service should special assessment collections be insufficient, and when the government assumes no responsibility whatsoever.
Special assessment bonds are bonds that finance projects that are only for the benefit of a particular area. These bonds are usually secured by the revenue that is expected to be generated by the project.
The financial reporting for special assessment bonds can differ based on whether or not a government assumes responsibility for debt service when special assessment collections are insufficient.
If a government assumes responsibility for debt service when special assessment collections are insufficient, the following financial reporting procedures should be followed:
1. The government should report the total amount of bonds issued as a liability.
2. The government should report the total amount of special assessment collections as revenue.
3. The government should report the difference between the amount of bonds issued and the amount of special assessment collections as a deferred inflow of resources.
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(b) Calculate the first year's net income under the cash basis of accounting. Net income under cash basis $ ______
In its first year of operations, Amy Corp. earned $53,700 in service revenue. Of that amount, $8,700 was on account and the remainder, $45,000, was collected in cash from customers. The company incurred various expenses totalling $32,000, of which $28,500 was paid in cash. At year end, $3,500 was still owing on account. In addition, Amy prepaid $2,000 for insurance coverage that covered the last half of the first year and the first half of the second year. Amy expects to owe $3,000 of income tax when it files its corporate income tax return after year end. (a) ✓Your answer is correct. Calculate the first year's net income under the accrual basis of accounting. Net income under accrual basis 17700
Net income under cash basis will be $16,500, and Net income under accrual basis will be $21,700.
Net income under cash basis
Revenue: $45,000
Expenses: $28,500
Net income: $16,500
Net income under accrual basis
Revenue: $53,700
Expenses: $32,000
Net income: $21,700
The difference between the two net income figures is due to the fact that the accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is received or paid.
In this case, $8,700 of revenue was earned but not yet collected, and $3,500 of expenses were incurred but not yet paid.
Calculation of net income under accrual basis
Revenue: $53,700
Expenses: $32,000
Net income: $21,700
Explanation:
Revenue: $53,700
$45,000 cash collected from customers
$8,700 revenue earned but not yet collected
Expenses: $32,000
$28,500 cash paid for expenses
$3,500 expenses incurred but not yet paid
Net income: $21,700
$53,700 revenue - $32,000 expenses = $21,700 net income
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Compute the Margin of Safety [LO5-7] Molander Corporation is a distributor of a sun umbrella used at resort hotels. Data concerning the next month's budget appear below: Selling price per unit Variable expense per unit $ 26 $ 14 Fixed expense per month $ 9,720 968 Unit sales per month Required: 1. What is the company's margin of safety? (Do not round intermediate calculations.) 2. What is the company's margin of safety as a percentage of its sales? (Round your percentage answer to 2 decimal places (i.e. 1234 should be entered as 12.34).) 1. Margin of safety (in dollars) 2. Margin of safety percentage %
1) The company's margin of safety is $4,128.80.
2)The company's margin of safety as a percentage of its sales is 16.4%.
1. Calculation of Margin of Safety
Margin of safety is the amount by which sales can drop before a business incurs losses. It can be computed in dollars or as a percentage. We may use either of the following formulas to compute it:
Margin of Safety (in dollars) = Total Sales - Break-even Sales
Margin of Safety (as a percentage) = Margin of Safety (in dollars) / Total Sales × 100
Total Sales = 26 × 968 = $25,168
Break-even Sales = Fixed expenses / CM ratio (Contribution margin ratio)
CM ratio = (Sales - Variable expenses) / Sales = ($26 - $14) / $26 = 46.15%
Fixed expenses / CM ratio = $9,720 / 46.15% = $21,039.20
Margin of Safety (in dollars) = $25,168 - $21,039.20 = $4,128.80
2. Calculation of Margin of Safety Percentage
Margin of Safety Percentage = Margin of Safety (in dollars) / Total Sales × 100
Margin of Safety Percentage = $4,128.80 / $25,168 × 100 = 16.4%
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true or false: the new contract that you negotiate with labor will take affect starting january 1st of the year the contract is renegotiated. a. true b. false
The given statement, "The new contract that you negotiate with labor will take affect starting January 1st of the year the contract is renegotiated" is true. A contract will be in effect after renegotiation.
A contract of employment, often known as an employment contract, is a type of contract used in labor law to define the rights and obligations of the parties to a deal. A "employee" and a "employer" are the parties to the agreement. The ancient master-servant legislation that was in force before the 20th century is where it originated. The basis of employment contracts is the idea of authority, whereby the employee consents to accept the employer's authority in return for the employer agreeing to pay the employee a certain salary.
According to the US government, an employee is a person who works for a company and is subject to federal and state employment and labor regulations. As such, they are entitled to benefits including social security, taxes on income withholdings, and workers compensation, among others.
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Policies are essential for effective strategy implementation, discuss five important issues that may require a management policy within an organization. Give a reason to support your answer for each issue.
Policies are critical for effective strategy implementation. The following are five important topics that may necessitate a management policy in an organization, as well as the reasons why they are essential:
1. Information Technology (IT) Management - An IT management policy is required to regulate the use of technology in the workplace. It establishes standards for data security, the handling of sensitive information, and the use of information technology resources. This policy ensures that data is processed efficiently, securely, and reliably.
2. Health and Safety - A health and safety policy ensures that the organization adheres to safety regulations and reduces the likelihood of accidents in the workplace. The policy outlines safety procedures, training, and risk assessments. This policy protects employees, customers, and other stakeholders, thereby reducing the likelihood of legal action.
3. Human Resource Management - A human resource management policy defines how the organization manages its employees. It outlines recruitment, promotion, and termination procedures, as well as policies on employee benefits and entitlements. This policy ensures that the organization follows legal requirements while providing employees with fair treatment.
4. Financial Management - A financial management policy establishes the organization's financial objectives and guidelines for achieving them. This policy covers issues like budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting. It ensures that the organization's finances are managed in a responsible and transparent manner.
5. Ethical Standards - An ethical standards policy establishes the organization's values and principles of conduct. It outlines the organization's stance on issues such as corruption, fraud, and conflicts of interest.
This policy ensures that the organization operates with integrity and in compliance with ethical standards.
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What would be these journal entry. Thanks!
On September 1, 2020, Wildhorse Corp. sold at 104 (plus accrued interest) 5,600 of its $1,000 face value, 10-year, 8% non- convertible bonds with detachable stock warrants. Each bond carried 2 detacha
On September 1, 2020, Wildhorse Corp. sold $5,600,000 worth of its 10-year, 8% non-convertible bonds with detachable stock warrants at a price of 104% of their face value, resulting in a cash inflow of $5,824,000. The bonds were issued with detachable stock warrants attached.
1. On September 1, 2020, when Wildhorse Corp. sold the bonds:
Cash (5,600 bonds * $1,040) 5,824,000
Bonds Payable 5,600,000
Premium on Bonds Payable (($1,040 - $1,000) * 5,600) 224,000
Detachable Stock Warrants (2 * 5,600) 11,200
This entry records the cash received from selling the bonds, the issuance of the bonds payable, the premium on bonds payable (the difference between the selling price and the face value of the bonds), and the value of the detachable stock warrants.
2. On December 31, 2020, when the accrued interest is recorded:
Interest Expense (5,600 bonds * $1,000 * 8% * 4/12) 74,667
Interest Payable 74,667
This entry recognizes the interest expense accrued on the bonds from September 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020.
3. On December 31, 2030, when the bonds mature:
Bonds Payable 5,600,000
Premium on Bonds Payable 224,000
Interest Payable 74,667
Cash (5,600 bonds * $1,000) 5,600,000
This entry reflects the repayment of the bonds at their face value, along with the premium on bonds payable and interest payable.
It's important to note that additional journal entries may be required depending on the specific terms and conditions of the bonds, such as periodic interest payments or early redemption provisions.
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Which of the following situations might be good candidates to use simulation? (There may be more than one correct answer.)
(a) We put $5000 into a savings account paying 2% continuously compounded interest per year, and we are interested in determining the account’s value in 5 years.
(b) We are interested in investing one half of our portfolio in fixed-interest U.S. bonds and the remaining half in a stock market equity index. We have some information concerning the distribution of stock market returns, but we do not really know what will happen in the market with certainty.
(c) We have a new strategy for baseball batting orders, and we would like to know if this strategy beats other commonly used batting orders (e.g., a fast guy bats first, a big, strong guy bats fourth, etc.). We have information on the performance of the various team members, but there’s a lot of randomness in baseball.
(d) We have an assembly station in which "customers" (for instance, parts to be manufactured) arrive every 5 minutes exactly and are processed in precisely 4 minutes by a single server. We would like to know how many parts the server can produce in a hour.
(e) Consider an assembly station in which parts arrive randomly, with independent exponential interarrival times). There is a single server who can process the parts in a random amount of time that is normally distributed. Moreover, the server takes random breaks every once in a while. We would like to know how big any line is likely to get.
(f) Suppose we are interested in determining the number of doctors needed on Friday night at a local emergency room. We need to insure that 90% of patients get treatment within one hour.
The situations that might be good candidates to use simulation are:
(b) We are interested in investing one half of our portfolio in fixed-interest U.S. bonds and the remaining half in a stock market equity index. We have some information concerning the distribution of stock market returns, but we do not really know what will happen in the market with certainty.
(c) We have a new strategy for baseball batting orders, and we would like to know if this strategy beats other commonly used batting orders.
(d) We have an assembly station in which "customers" (for instance, parts to be manufactured) arrive every 5 minutes exactly and are processed in precisely 4 minutes by a single server.
(e) Consider an assembly station in which parts arrive randomly, with independent exponential interarrival times. There is a single server who can process the parts in a random amount of time that is normally distributed.
(f) Suppose we are interested in determining the number of doctors needed on Friday night at a local emergency room. We need to ensure that 90% of patients get treatment within one hour.
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Tanner-UNF Corporation acquired as a long-term investment $180 million of 7.0% bonds, dated July 1, on July 1, 2018. Company management has the positive intent and ability to hold the bonds until maturity. The market interest rate (yield) was 9% for bonds of similar risk and maturity. Tanner-UNF paid $150.0 million for the bonds. The company will receive interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. As a result of changing market conditions, the fair value of the bonds at December 31, 2018, was $160.0 million.
Required:
1. & 2. Prepare the journal entry to record Tanner-UNF's investment in the bonds on July 1, 2018 and interest on December 31, 2018, at the effective (market) rate.
3. At what amount will Tanner-UNF report its investment in the December 31, 2018, balance sheet?
4. Suppose Moody's bond rating agency downgraded the risk rating of the bonds motivating Tanner-UNF to sell the investment on January 2, 2019, for $130.0 million. Prepare the journal entry to record the sale.
1. The journal entry to record the purchase of bonds on July 1, 2018, is as follows: Bonds $150,000,000
Cash $150,000,000
2. The journal entry to record the interest received on December 31, 2018, is as follows: Cash $6,765,000
Interest income $6,765,000
3. Tanner-UNF will report its investment in the December 31, 2018, balance sheet at fair value, which is $160,000,000.
4. The journal entry to record the sale of the bonds is:
Cash $130,000,000
Loss on sale of investments $26,765,000
Bonds $150,000,000
1. Journal entry to record the investment in bonds on July 1, 2018
Date Account Debit Credit
Jul 1, 2018 Investment in Bonds $150,000,000
Cash $150,000,000
This entry records the initial purchase of the bonds at their cost of $150,000,000.
2. The interest on December 31, 2018, is calculated based on the effective interest rate. The calculation of the interest amount is as follows:
Interest = Carrying value of bonds x Effective interest rate x Time
Time = 6/12
Carrying value of bonds = $150,000,000
Effective interest rate = (1+4.5%)^2 - 1 = 9.02%
Interest = $150,000,000 x 9.02% x 6/12 = $6,765,000
The journal entry to record the interest received on December 31, 2018, is as follows:
Cash $6,765,000
Interest income $6,765,000
3. At December 31, 2018, Tanner-UNF will report its investment in the bonds at fair value on the balance sheet. The fair value of the bonds at that date is $160,000,000. Therefore, the investment in the December 31, 2018, balance sheet will be:
Investment in Bonds: $160,000,000
4. The carrying value of the bonds on January 2, 2019, is $156,765,000 ($150,000,000 + $6,765,000 - $130,000,000).
The journal entry to record the sale of bonds on January 2, 2019, is as follows:
Cash $130,000,000
Loss on sale of investments $26,765,000
Bonds $150,000,000
The loss on the sale is calculated as follows:
Loss on sale = Carrying value of bonds - Proceeds from sale
Loss on sale = $156,765,000 - $130,000,000 = $26,765,000
Therefore, the journal entry to record the sale of the bonds is:
Cash $130,000,000
Loss on sale of investments $26,765,000
Bonds $150,000,000
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During a discussion several years ago on building a pipeline to Alaska to carry natural gas, the U.S. Senate passed a bill stipulating that there should be a guaranteed minimum price for the natural gas that would flow through the pipeline. The thinking behind the bill was that if private firms had a guaranteed price for their natural gas, they would be more willing to drill for gas and to pay to build the pipeline. (a) Using the demand and supply framework, predict (best case scenario) the effects of a price floor mechanism on the gas prices in general. (b) Explain how quantity demanded and quantity supplied maybe affected by the price guarantee.
In the given case, setting a high pricing floor informs businesses of possible earnings.
Price floor refers to a commodity's minimum required sale price that is set by a regulatory agency to safeguard the interests of sellers. For the purpose of protecting sellers, it is often set at a binding level, which is above the price at where supply and demand cross. Setting the price floor at a high level informs the businesses of the possible earnings, which encourages them to invest. In this situation, the price floor will undoubtedly be binding and lead to an excess supply. More businesses will enter the market at a higher price, but the quantity required will decline, resulting in an excess supply.
Due to the guaranteed price, providers are not informed of market prices, and more businesses join the market. Due to a lack of demand, more businesses may suffer losses as a result. With an equilibrium price and quantity of P and Q, the market is at equilibrium (E). Price floor at higher P means that supply rises to OQ2 and demand falls to OQ1, respectively. As a result, the problem of excess supply (Q1 Q2) arises because the price floor indicates a price higher than equilibrium, at which supply is greater and demand is lower.
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A late penalty of 10% will apply to new answers. Intro IBM just paid an annual dividend of $4.4 per share. The dividend is expected to grow by 4% per year. The required rate of return is 12% IB Attempt 1/10 for 9 pts. Part 1 What is the best estimate of the stock's value? 0+ decimals Submit IB Attempt 1/10 for 9 pts. Part 2 What is the best estimate of the stock's value in 5 years?
Part 1: To estimate the stock's value, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM). The formula for the value of a stock using the DDM is: Stock Value = Dividend / (Required Rate of Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
Given:
Dividend = $4.4
Dividend Growth Rate = 4% or 0.04
Required Rate of Return = 12% or 0.12
Stock Value = $4.4 / (0.12 - 0.04)
Stock Value = $4.4 / 0.08
Stock Value = $55
The best estimate of the stock's value is $55.
Part 2: To estimate the stock's value in 5 years, we can use the formula for the future value of a stock using the DDM:
Stock Value in 5 years = Dividend * (1 + Dividend Growth Rate)^5 / (Required Rate of Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
Given the same values as before, the calculation becomes:
Stock Value in 5 years = $4.4 * (1 + 0.04)^5 / (0.12 - 0.04)
Stock Value in 5 years = $4.4 * (1.04)^5 / 0.08
Stock Value in 5 years ≈ $4.4 * 1.21665 / 0.08
Stock Value in 5 years ≈ $66.46
The best estimate of the stock's value in 5 years is approximately $66.46.
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A firm's annual report is a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of the organization during that period.
True or False
True. A firm's annual report is indeed a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of the organization during a specific period, typically one year.
The annual report provides a comprehensive overview of the company's performance, financial position, and future prospects.
The contents of an annual report may vary depending on the company and regulatory requirements, but typically include financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These statements provide information about the company's assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash flows.
In addition to the financial statements, an annual report often includes management's discussion and analysis (MD&A), which provides a narrative explanation of the company's financial results, significant events, and key factors affecting its performance. The MD&A section helps stakeholders understand the company's financial condition and the reasons behind its financial results.
Furthermore, an annual report may include information about the company's corporate governance practices, its strategic initiatives, market trends, risk factors, and future plans. It serves as a communication tool to shareholders, investors, creditors, employees, and other stakeholders, providing transparency and accountability regarding the company's operations and financial performance.
In conclusion, the statement that a firm's annual report is a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of the organization during that period is true. It is an important document that provides a comprehensive snapshot of the company's financial health and serves as a key communication tool for stakeholders.
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I recently purchased a stock for $43 per share. The stock is now selling for $54 per share and the firm recently announced a special dividend of $5 per share. My capital gains tax rate is 20% and my ordinary (dividend) tax rate is 28%. How much better (or worse) off will I be if I sell the stock before the ex-dividend date? (Ch 20
Based on the above, if you sell the stock before the expiring of the dividend date, would leading a higher after-tax gain of $12.40 per share, but holding the stock until after the ex-dividend date would yield a lower after-tax gain of $3.60 per share.
What are the stocks?To know how much better or worse off you will be if you sell the stock before the ex-dividend date, One can calculate the different scenarios and make comparison
So, Scenario 1: Selling before the ex-dividend date
Stock price: $54 per share
Capital gains: $54 - $43
= $11 per share
Capital gains tax (20%): $11 × 20%
= $2.20 per share
Net capital gains: $11 - $2.20
= $8.80 per share
Dividend: $5 per share
Dividend tax (28%): $5 × 28%
= $1.40 per share
Net dividend: $5 - $1.40
= $3.60 per share
Total after-tax gain: $8.80 + $3.60
= $12.40 per share
So in Scenario 2:
Holding ack until after the ex-dividend dateStock price: $54 per share
Dividend: $5 per share
Dividend tax (28%): $5 × 28%
= $1.40 per share
Net dividend: $5 - $1.40
= $3.60 per share
Capital gains: $0 per share (if no alteration in stock price after the ex-dividend date)
Capital gains tax: $0 per share
Total after-tax gain: $3.60 per share
So by comparing the two scenarios, one can see that selling the stock before the ex-dividend date would result in a higher overall after-tax gain.
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Suppose that the nominal interest rate is 12% and the inflation rate is 0%. In this case the real rate of interest is: a. 0% b. over 12% c. 12% d. 4% e. 3%
The real rate of interest when the nominal interest rate is 12% and the inflation rate is 0% is: c. 12%.
The real rate of interest is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation. In this case, since the inflation rate is 0%, there is no adjustment needed. The nominal interest rate of 12% represents the actual rate of return earned on an investment without considering the impact of inflation. Since there is no inflation to account for, the real rate of interest remains the same as the nominal rate. Therefore, the real rate of interest is 12%.
It's important to note that the real rate of interest can be different when there is inflation present. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time, so to accurately assess the true return on an investment, the inflation rate needs to be considered. However, in the given scenario where the inflation rate is 0%, the real rate of interest is equal to the nominal rate of 12%.
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Form a game and find the Nash Equilibrium from your (created)
game. Explain, why do you think that is the Nash Equilibrium.
please answer with a relatable game and a unique game whicg isnt
already on
Two friends, Alice and Bob, are deciding where to go for lunch. They have two options: pizza or sushi. Alice prefers pizza and Bob prefers sushi, but they both value their friendship more than their food preference. If they go to the same place, they get a bonus of 10 points for enjoying each other's company. If they go to different places, they get no bonus. The payoff matrix is:
| | Pizza | Sushi ||-------|-------|-------|| Alice | 20,10 | 0,20 || Bob | 10,20 | 20,0 |The Nash equilibrium of this game is (Pizza, Pizza), where both Alice and Bob choose pizza. This is because neither of them can improve their payoff by unilaterally changing their strategy. If Alice chooses sushi, she gets 0 points instead of 20. If Bob chooses sushi, he gets 20 points instead of 10. Therefore, they both have an incentive to stick to pizza.
This is a Nash equilibrium because it satisfies the definition: a set of strategies such that no player can benefit by changing their strategy while the other players keep theirs unchanged.
About GameGame in general is a recreational activity with the aim of having fun, free time, or light exercise. The game is usually done alone or together.
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if dependency to thc develops, it is more likely to be motivated by _____.
Assuming that reliance on THC develops, it is bound to be spurred by psychosocial factors.
The option (A) is correct.
The development of dependency on THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the really psychoactive part of marijuana, can be affected by different elements, including both organic and psychosocial development. It is vital to take note that the improvement of substance reliance is an intricate interaction that can include a blend of hereditary, ecological, and individual elements.
Psychosocial factors allude to the social, mental, and natural effects on a singular's way of behaving. Psychosocial variables can add to the inspiration and support of substance use, including pot use.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
If dependency to thc develops, it is more likely to be motivated by _____.
(A) psychosocial factors
(B) amotivational syndrome
(C) grade point average
1.
a) Describe the theoretical justification for using carbon trading to address negative environmental externalities.
(25 points)
ii) What can we learn about the effectiveness of carbon trading as an instrument from the EU ETS or the trading of water rights in Australia? (25 marks)
2.
b) Explain how the Hotelling rule can be used to manage nonrenewable resources.
(25 points)
b) Talk about the challenges that can arise when forest and mineral resources are found in the same region. What options are there for resolving the problems?
(25 points)
The explanations are provided below:
1)
(i) The theoretical justification for using carbon trading to address negative environmental externalities is based on the assumption that carbon dioxide is the main pollutant responsible for climate change.
According to the "polluter pays principle," emitters of carbon dioxide should pay for the damage they cause to the environment.
Carbon trading enables polluters to buy and sell permits to emit greenhouse gases.
The idea is that a market-based approach will be more efficient than regulations at reducing carbon emissions and therefore mitigating the impact of climate change.
(ii) The EU ETS (European Union Emissions Trading System) is a case study of the effectiveness of carbon trading.
The EU ETS is the world's largest carbon trading scheme, covering approximately 45% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.
Critics argue that the EU ETS has been too generous in allocating permits, which has resulted in a low carbon price that does not provide enough incentive for companies to reduce their emissions.
The trading of water rights in Australia is another example of a market-based approach to environmental policy.
The effectiveness of water trading is debatable, as some farmers have sold their water rights to the highest bidder, leading to shortages and reduced agricultural productivity.
Nonetheless, water trading is seen as a way to allocate scarce water resources more efficiently than a command-and-control approach.
2)
(a) The Hotelling rule is an economic theory that describes how nonrenewable resources should be managed to maximize social welfare.
According to the rule, the price of a nonrenewable resource should increase over time at the rate of interest, reflecting the opportunity cost of using the resource today instead of waiting to use it in the future.
By increasing the price of the resource, the rule incentivizes conservation and encourages the development of substitutes.
(b) When forest and mineral resources are found in the same region, conflicts can arise over the use of the land.
Forests provide ecological services such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity, while mineral extraction is often associated with environmental degradation.
One option for resolving these conflicts is to allocate property rights to the resources, allowing the market to determine their best use.
Another option is to develop a comprehensive land-use plan that takes into account the ecological and economic benefits of each resource.
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Sky High Seats manufactures seats for airplanes. The company has the capacity to produce 100,000 seats per year, but currently produces and sells 75,000 seats per year. The following information relates to the current production of the product: Sale price per unit $400 Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing $220 Marketing and administrative $50 Total fixed costs: Manufacturing $750,000 Marketing and administrative $200,000 If a special sales order is accepted for 7,000 seats at a price of $350 per unit, and fixed costs remain unchanged, how would operating income be affected
Answer:
there is an increase in operating income by $910,000
Explanation:
The computation of the impact on the operating income is shown below
Sales (7,000 × $350) $2,450,000
Less: variable manufacturing cost (7,000 × $220) -$1,540,000
Operating income $910,000
Since the fixed cost would remain the same so here we do not considered it
Hence, there is an increase in operating income by $910,000
Length (in minutes) of a person's commute to work is what kind of variable? A. This variable is a continuous numerical variable that is ratio-scaled. B. This variable is a categorical variable that is nominal-scaled. C. This variable is a discrete numerical variable that is interval-scaled. D. This variable is a continuous numerical variable that is interval-scaled. E. This variable is a discrete numerical variable that is ratio-scaled. F. This variable is a categorical variable that is ordinal-scaled.
The length of an individual commute to the result is the value is a continuous numerical variable that is ratio-scaled. Thus, option A is correct.
The measurement of time in the view of a person's commute to work is defined as a continuous variable. It takes one value of any time within a specified range and can be using a ratio scale. In the given scenario, the length can be modified by adding, multiplying, dividing, and subtracting.
The nominal-scaled variable and interval-scaled numerical variables are the characteristics of qualitative variables and they do not represent countable values rather than continuous variables.
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In the summer of 2010, Congress passed a far-reaching financial reform bill to attempt to prevent another financial crisis like the one that happened in 2008-2009. We will consider two scenarios related to this bill. 18. In the first scenario, suppose that by requiring firms to comply with strict regulations, the bill increases the cost of investment. Draw a graph showing the consequences of this scenario on the market for loanable funds. What is the result? 19. Now consider the second scenario: Suppose that by requiring firms to comply with strict regulations, the bill increases confidence that savers have with the financial system, making them more likely to save their money there. Draw a graph showing the consequences of this scenario on the market for loanable funds. In this scenario, which curve shifts, and what are the results?
18. In the first scenario, the bill increases the cost of investment by requiring firms to comply with strict regulations.
In this case, the supply of loanable funds will shift to the left because some firms will reduce their borrowing, making loanable funds less available. Also, it will increase the equilibrium interest rate to a level that will discourage borrowing but increase the supply of loanable funds. The graph below shows the market for loanable funds where the equilibrium interest rate rises and the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds falls due to the increase in the cost of investment.19. In the second scenario, the bill increases the confidence that savers have in the financial system, making them more likely to save their money there.
In this case, the demand for loanable funds will increase, shifting the demand curve to the right, and this shift is shown in the graph below. This will lead to an increase in the equilibrium quantity of loanable funds and an increase in the equilibrium interest rate. The increased demand for loanable funds will encourage borrowers to borrow more and increase the supply of loanable funds.Therefore, both equilibrium interest rates and quantities of loanable funds will increase due to increased confidence by savers.
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What were the implications of the crisis on the financial industry?
The implications of the crisis on the financial industry are as follows: Reduced Asset Values: The value of properties and other assets is reduced, which affects the financial sector's portfolio directly. Liquidity Freeze: The money market and credit froze up, creating liquidity issues for financial institutions. Companies were unable to obtain the funding they required to run their day-to-day operations.
Austerity Measures: Governments implemented austerity measures to reduce deficits, cutting social spending on things like pensions and healthcare. The measures lead to a reduction in government expenditures, which, in turn, can lead to a decline in demand for financial products.
Legal Suits and Penalties: The crisis resulted in a variety of legal battles between banks, governments, and other players in the financial system. These conflicts had severe economic consequences for many banks and other firms.
Falling Share Prices: Share prices for banks and other financial institutions plummeted during the crisis, affecting investors and shareholders, and prompting some banks to merge or shut down. The market capitalization of banks declined significantly during the crisis.
Tighter Regulations: In response to the crisis, regulators implemented stricter regulations for banks, financial institutions, and other players in the financial sector. The regulations are intended to reduce the likelihood of a similar crisis happening in the future.
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2. Draw a graph that shows what happens in the loanable funds (money market) when the money supply increases and answer the following questions: a. What happens to the amount of money being lent out?
When the money supply increases, interest rates in the money market decrease. This makes the amount of money being loaned more attractive to customers as banks are able to offer more loans at lower rates.
How can this be represented on a graph?Use the x-axis as the number of loans.Use the Y axis as the interest rate.Draw a downward sloping curve representing the loan demand curve.The downward-sloping curve will show that when the interest rate is high, the demand for loans is low. This means that there has been a decrease in the money supply and this makes lending unattractive for customers.
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Explain why ethical auditing is the regular comprehensive evaluation of the compliance of the firm’s ethical policies and procedures.
Ethical auditing is the regular comprehensive evaluation of the compliance of a firm's ethical policies and procedures because involves systematically reviewing and assessing the company's actions, practices, and behaviors to ensure they align with ethical standards and values.
There are several reasons why ethical auditing is important:
Compliance and Accountability: Ethical auditing ensures that the company adheres to its own ethical policies and procedures, as well as external regulations and industry standards. It helps identify any areas of non-compliance and holds the organization accountable for its actions. Risk Management: Ethical auditing helps identify potential risks and vulnerabilities related to ethics and integrity. It allows the company to proactively identify and mitigate risks associated with unethical behavior, such as fraud, bribery, or conflicts of interest. Stakeholder Trust and Reputation: Ethical auditing demonstrates the company's commitment to ethical behavior and responsible business practices. It helps build trust among stakeholders, including customers, employees, investors, and the wider community. By conducting regular audits and ensuring compliance, the organization can enhance its reputation as an ethical and trustworthy entity, which can have a positive impact on customer loyalty and investor confidence.Continuous Improvement: Ethical auditing is not only about evaluating compliance but also about driving continuous improvement. It allows the company to identify areas for enhancement, update policies and procedures, and implement ethical best practices.Therefore, ethical auditing is crucial for ensuring compliance, managing risks, building trust, and driving continuous improvement in ethical practices. It helps companies evaluate their ethical performance, identify areas of improvement, and maintain accountability, ultimately contributing to the establishment of an ethical corporate culture.
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according to neville brody, what is the prime weapon in design and marketing?
According to Neville Brody, the prime weapon in design and marketing is typography.
Typography plays a vital role in communication and visual impact, as it involves the selection, arrangement, and design of typefaces. It has the power to evoke emotions, convey messages, and shape the overall perception of a brand or design.
Brody, a renowned graphic designer and typographer, emphasizes the significance of typography in capturing attention, creating a distinct identity, and effectively conveying a brand's values and personality. By carefully choosing and manipulating typography, designers can influence the way people perceive and engage with visual content, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of marketing and communication efforts.
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Question 1 –
You are part of the top management of an institution of higher learning in Malaysia. Identify TWO (2) goals for the organization and explain you and your team would engage in planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities. Give detailed examples/activities for each function.
Question 2 –
Businesses around the world are facing the dire need to embrace digital transformation. As manager, how will you kickstart the digital transformation process of your organization? What are some of the challenges you would expect to face and how would motivate your employees to cope with the change of digital transformation?
Question 3
Economic market structure refers to the number and distribution size of buyers and sellers in the market of a good and service. Explain the FOUR (4) market structures commonly used in the world today.
The answer is given in parts:
Question 1
Goals for the organization:
Improving the quality of education provided by the institution
Expanding the institution's influence in the education sector in Malaysia
Planning activities:
In order to improve the quality of education provided by the institution, planning activities should include:
Conducting research on effective teaching methods and technologies
Identifying areas of weakness in the current education system and developing strategies to address them
Organizing activities:
To expand the institution's influence in the education sector in Malaysia, organizing activities should include:
Establishing partnerships with other educational institutions and organizations
Creating marketing campaigns to attract more students and faculty
Leading activities:
To improve the quality of education provided by the institution, leading activities should include:
Providing professional development opportunities for faculty to stay up to date with the latest teaching techniques and technologies
Developing a positive work environment that encourages creativity and innovation
Controlling activities:
To expand the institution's influence in the education sector in Malaysia, controlling activities should include:
Monitoring the effectiveness of marketing campaigns and making changes as needed
Tracking enrollment and retention rates and making adjustments as needed.
Question 2
As a manager, to kickstart the digital transformation process of your organization, some of the steps you can take include:
Conducting a thorough analysis of the current state of the organization's technology infrastructure and identifying areas that need improvement
Developing a clear digital transformation strategy that outlines goals, timelines, and key performance indicators (KPIs) for success
Engaging with employees at all levels of the organization to get their input and buy-in for the digital transformation process
Challenges you can expect to face when implementing a digital transformation process include:
Resistance to change from employees who are used to working with legacy systems or processes
Security concerns related to new technologies and data privacy issues
Costs associated with implementing new systems or upgrading existing ones
Motivating employees to cope with the change of digital transformation involves:
Providing training and development opportunities to help employees acquire new skills and stay current with emerging technologies
Offering incentives to encourage employees to embrace the digital transformation process
Creating a culture that values innovation and encourages employees to think creatively about how technology can be used to improve the organization's operations and services.
Question 3
The four market structures commonly used in the world today are:
Perfect competition: This is a market structure where a large number of small firms compete against each other with very similar products, and none of the firms has the power to influence the market price.
Monopolistic competition: This is a market structure where there are many small firms that compete against each other, but each firm offers a slightly different product. Each firm has some degree of market power due to product differentiation.
Oligopoly: This is a market structure where a small number of large firms dominate the market. The firms are interdependent and they must consider the reaction of their rivals when making decisions.
Monopoly: This is a market structure where there is only one seller of a particular product or service. The monopolist has complete control over the supply and price of the product.
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