____ asserts that intergroup hostility and prejudice are natural consequences of group competition.

39 chromosomes involve at the cell poles as a result. They decreases from 2n (diploid) to n (haploid). They then go through meiosis II, results in 4 haploid daughter cells, with half several chromosomes as the parent cell.

A single cell has been splits twice during the meiotic process, leaving four cells with half of its original genetic material. These cells sperm in men and eggs in women are our sex cells.

When DNA is broken, the G2 checkpoint prevents cells from initiating mitosis, giving the chance for healing and limiting the reproduction of damaged cells. Understanding the molecular origins of cancer requires a focus on the G2 checkpoint since it helps to the creation of genomic stability.

Therefore, They then go through meiosis II, results in 4 haploid daughter cells, with half several chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Bottom trawling -Drag a net along ocean bottom

OR

Drag a line with hooks along bottom

• Catches many nontarget species* (bycatch)

• Benthic habitat destruction

The goal of commercial fishing is to make money by catching and selling fish. Unlike subsistence fishing, which is typically done to feed the fisher and their family, it is distinct from subsistence fishing. Fish farming, which involves growing fish in a regulated environment for profit, is a form of commercial fishing. These massive, commercial fishing operations kill trillions of fish annually while denying fish awareness and the capacity for pain.

In trawling, a large net is fastened to the back of a ship. The ship moves through the ocean while the net catches fish as it goes. Depending on how deep the net is in the water, trawling can be either bottom or midwater.

Anchovies, tuna, and shrimp are the principal species that are typically caught in midway or pelagic trawling, where the net is set on the open ocean's surface. Fish are caught by bottom trawling from deeper water. Fish living near to the seabed are caught with other marine life in demersal trawling but are caught along the sea floor in benthic trawling.

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The two organelles from the cell body that are involved in preparing for the release of neurotransmitters are the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.

The neuron's cell body contains a nucleolus, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, endosomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. A vesicle is a tiny sac made of a membrane that contains liquid. This facilitates the movement of materials into or out of the cell.

In neurons, the vesicle helps to transport and store the neurotransmitter. The ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the location where the proteins that make up the vesicles are produced. Vesicle biosynthesis starts once this protein migrates from the smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus. From there, the vesicles will bud off and be transported to the neuron terminal to become neurotransmitter vesicles.

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The three substances that makes up a cell wall include the following: cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose and pectin.

A cell wall is defined as the rough and flexible layer that surrounds mostly the cells of plants and they are made up of components that contributes to its rigidity.

The substances that makes up the cell wall include the following:

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genetic susceptibility Having certain medical conditions, such as obesity or uncontrolled diabetes before and during pregnancy embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced.

Some pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, tobacco, chemicals, alcohol, some diseases, and in some situations, unmanaged health issues in the expectant parent are examples of common teratogens.

Physical agents, metabolic circumstances, infections, and finally, medications and chemicals, are the four categories into which teratogens are divided. The Greek word meaning monstrous.

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An ecosystem is a group of living things and the natural surroundings in which they live.

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The biologist draw the line in this way as The SJC harbor seal sub-population grew exponentially between 1970 and the mid-1990s. After that it reached its carrying capacity.

The typical population size of a species in a given habitat is referred to as carrying capacity.

Environmental elements including sufficient food, shelter, water, and mates are able to control the population number of the species. The population will decline until the resource recovers if these needs are not supplied.

The maximum number of people that a habitat can support in a community is known as carrying capacity. The carrying capacity is restricted by biotic or abiotic variables known as limiting factors.

The SJC harbour seal sub-population increased dramatically between 1970 and the mid-1990s, prompting the biologist to define this boundary. It then reached its limit of carrying.

Thus, scientists drew graph like this.

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The pH in Arizona phoenix ecosystem is 7 - 8 .

Explain phoenix ecosystem.

The Valley of the Sun, commonly known as the Phoenix metropolitan area, which is a portion of the Salt River Valley, is centered on Phoenix. The state of Arizona in the United States has Phoenix as its capital and largest city.

The largest city in America in this climate zone, Phoenix has a hot desert climate resembling that of the Sonoran Desert. Phoenix features short, pleasant winters and long, extremely scorching summers. The city is located in one of the sunniest parts of the planet, with sunshine duration that rivals that of the Sahara.

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The nerve fibers sending Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin will most likely belong to Sensory (afferent) division of the central nervous system.

The afferent division, also known as the sensory division, transfers impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or motor division sends impulses from the CNS to the peripheral organs in order to produce an effect or action.

Sensory neurons collect and transmit necessary data from the skin, fascia, skeletal muscles, joints, and special senses to the central nervous system. These neurons are referred to as afferent since they initiate action potentials in the direction of the central nervous system.

The sensory nervous system is divided into two parts: somatic and visceral. The somatic division transmits sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscle, bone, tendons, and other tissues. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and organ glands send sensory information to the visceral division.

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The environment determines how the genotype is expressed. The environment influences gene activity, which leads to a change in the phenotype of fur color.

Coloration of the fur of Himalayan rabbits is regulated by gene C. The rabbit raised at 20°C (left) has pigmentation on its ears, nose, and paws because the gene is active when environmental temperatures are between 15 and 25°C. These areas are where the rabbit's body loses the most heat. Because gene C is dormant at temperatures above 30°C, the rabbit raised in this environment (on the right) lacks fur pigmentation.

Gene expression for fur color in Himalayan rabbits is influenced by temperature. The follicle cells taken from Himalayan rabbits tend to die when kept at warmer temperatures. Himalayan rabbits use fur color to communicate fitness during the breeding season.

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Bacterial cell division in three stages whereas eukaryotes divide their cells in just two stages.

Prokaryotes divide their cells in three stages DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and chromosome separation whereas eukaryotes divide their cells in just two stages nuclear division and cytoplasmic division, often known as cytokinesis.

There are two different categories of cell division mechanisms in eukaryotes. Meiosis is the reproductive cell division in eukaryotic cells, while mitosis is the vegetative cell division. On the other hand, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) often exclusively exhibit binary fission, a type of vegetative cell division.

Prokaryotic cell division occurs through binary fission, whereas eukaryotic cell division can happen either through mitosis or meiosis. This is the main distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division.

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If the organism secretes an excess of ADH, urine would be less diluted and showing a bright yellow color due to salts concentration. Options: less water in it and bright yellow.

Anti Diuretic Hormone is a molecule that helps kidneys to control water loss through urine.

The ADH, also known as vasopressin hormone, is released by changes in serum osmolarity or blood volume. Its function is to keep homeostasis and make kidneys conserve or keep water by concentrating urine and by reducing its volume. Through these actions, the antidiuretic hormone stimulates water reabsorption, according to the organism's needs.

When the organism secretes too much ADH, the body retains too much water, and blood volume increases.

In these cases, urine would have less water and would be bright yellow because there would be a higher concentration of salts and other waste elements.  

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Option (a) is correct. Treponema palladium can become a latent infection that later results in shingles is incorrectly matched.

Treponema palladium is a bacterium that

causes the STD known as syphilis. Without

a proper treatment, syphilis can have

detrimental repercussions on one's health. Treponema palladium can become a latent infection that later results in shingles is incorrectly matched.

By coming into contact with a chancre,

or sore, that is characteristic of syphilis, a

person can contract the disease. Cancers

can develop in, on, or near the lips, mouth,

rectum, etc. The spread of syphilis can

occur through oral, or vaginal intercourse.

Syphilis can potentially be passed from a

pregnant woman to her unborn child. Syphilis can spread to an unborn child when a pregnant person has it. Syphilis testing ought to be done on all expectant women at their initial prenatal appointment. At birth and during the third trimester (28 weeks gestation), some people will require additional testing. This includes those

who reside in places with high syphilis prevalence or who are susceptible to

contracting the disease while pregnant.

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These trees for six different groups of organisms for (A ) tree frogs,  and (F ) freshwater crabs are all colored based on whether the species come from mainland India or Sri Lanka.

Freshwater environments in the tropics support a variety of indigenous wildlife, including freshwater crabs, but many of these species are now in immediate danger due to habitat loss and degradation. The condition of freshwater crabs is unknown, but research on freshwater fish and amphibians indicates that between one-third and fifty percent of the species in some tropical freshwaters are either extinct or endangered. With 1280 species worldwide, freshwater crabs account for one-fifth of all brachyurans.

As a result, we conducted a thorough IUCN Red List assessment of freshwater crabs, the first time a research of this kind has been undertaken globally for any group of freshwater invertebrates. Unexpectedly high threat levels were found when the conservation status of every known species from the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australasia was examined.

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As per twin examinations, around 40-60% of the change in the Large Five is heritable,5, 6, 7 with some cross-over in heritability between character qualities themselves.

In many diseases genetic factors are significant. This implies that part, or the gamble, is all passed down from one's folks. Certain sicknesses are brought about by an irregularity in one single quality and CADASIL is one of these illnesses.

For instance, qualities are the reason one youngster has light hair like their mom, while their kin have earthy colored hair like their dad. Qualities likewise decide why a few sicknesses run in families and whether children will be male or female.

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Roger, a police officer, takes Iqbal into custody for questioning just because Iqbal is an Arab American. Roger is of the belief that all members of Iqbal's ethnic community are violent. In this scenario, Roger's actions best illustrates racial profiling.

The fraction of offspring that are predicted to have the genotype xxyyzz = 1/64

Cross: XxYyZz  x  XxYyZz

Gametes: XYZ, XyZ, XYz, Xyz, xYZ, xyZ, xYz, xyz

                 XYZ, XyZ, XYz, Xyz, xYZ, xyZ, xYz, xyz

Performing a Punnett square would be too extensive. So we can think about an easier way.

We know that the three genes assort independently from each other. So we can analyze each trait separately, to get

the genotypic proportion of the offspring.

F1) 1/4 XX, 1/2 Xx, 1/4 xx

F1) 1/4 YY, 1/2 Yy, 1/4 yy

F1) 1/4 ZZ, 1/2 Zz, 1/4 zz

So, to get all the possible genotypic proportions of the progeny, for each combination, we must multiply their respective genotypic proportions. For instance,

Genotype                Proportion

XXYYZZ                  1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/64

XXYyZZ                   1/4 x 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/32

XXYYZz                   1/4 x 1/4 x 1/2 = 1/32

XXYyZz                    1/4 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/16

And so on until you complete all the possible combinations.

We are asked about the fraction of offspring that are predicted to have the genotype xxyyzz. So, following what we  did before, we just need to multiply the proportions only for homozygous recessive genotypes. This is

Hence, Genotype Proportion xxyyzz 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/64

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Clostridium perfringens is found greatly in the environment in soil, rotting greenery and marine sediment, as well as in the intestinal tract of creatures. The bacteria can create endospores, apt of surviving adverse conditions for long periods of time.

Clostridium perfringens food poisoning is

critical gastroenteritis induced by ingestion of contaminated food. Signs are watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Diagnosis is by identifying C. perfringens in infected food or in stool. Thus, Clostridium perfringens food poisoning is critical gastroenteritis caused by ingestion of contaminated food.

Clostridium perfringens bacteria are one of the most common causes of food poisoning. CDC estimates that the bacterium causes nearly 1 million foodborne illnesses in the United States every year. C. perfringens makes spores, which are inactive forms of the bacterium that help it survive heat, dryness, and other environmental conditions. C. perfringens spores can transform into active bacteria, which multiply in the food. After someone eats food containing C. perfringens, it can produce a toxin (poison) that causes diarrhea.

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You are out at night and hear a sound in the bushes. the electrical signal carrying this information to carrying this information to your brain is carried first by Sensory neuron.

What is sensory neuron?

A sensory neuron (also known as an afferent neuron) is a type of nerve cell that perceives and responds to external information. Sensory neurons acquire information from their receptors in the peripheral nervous system and transform it into electrical impulses. These impulses serve as signals, and they are sent to the central nervous system. This information is then received and processed by the spinal cord and brain.

Sensory neurons receive and transfer information from the peripheral nervous system to a more central site in the central nervous system, such as the spinal cord or the brain.

The signal is transduced in the sensory receptor at the dendritic end of the neuron. This is the point at which the new signal is produced in response to a stimulus, such as a scent, touch, or taste.

Hence, sensory neuron carries electrical signal.

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The primary function of this kind of molecule is best described as it transfers things across the cell membrane.

The arrangement of the amino acids determines the precise function and characteristic 3-dimensional structure of each protein. The order of genes determines the combinations of three DNA building blocks (nucleotides) that code for amino acids.

In cells, proteins perform a variety of tasks. They function as enzymes that promote structural integrity, control how substances flow through cell membranes, ward off sickness, and organize cell signaling pathways.

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False, a system of records notice is not required if an organization determines that pii will be stored using a system of records.

A system of record (SOR) or source system of record (SSoR) in data management is an information storage system (usually implemented on a computer system running a database management system) that acts as the authoritative data source for a particular data element or piece of information. The need to identify systems of record may become critical in organisations where management information systems have been established by taking output data from several source systems, processing this data again, and then expressing the result for a new business application. In certain circumstances, different information systems may disagree about the same piece of information. The time of the extract, transform, and load procedures, as well as these variances in viewpoint and the use of different sources.

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The osteoblasts in the bone secrete osteocalcin in the pancreas to change their activity this justifies the claim that osteocalcin is a hormone

Osteocalcin is a hormone that is secreted and influences matrix mineralization and global metabolism. Osteocalcin governs glucose metabolism via an endocrine loop between the bone and the pancreas. Osteocalcin has been identified as a hormone. Bone is classified as an endocrine organ. The decarboxylated form of osteocalcin acts as a hormone. Osteocalcin is involved in the regulation of glucose, skeletal muscle operation, brain function, male fertility, hepatic steatosis, and arterial calcification. Increased osteocalcin levels indicate increased bone turnover.

Osteocalcin is only secreted by osteoblasts and has only minimal impacts on bone mineralization and density. Instead, it has been shown to regulate several physiological processes in an endocrine manner, including glucose homeostasis and physical performance, brain development, cognition, and male fertility.

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Complete question :

Hormones are chemical signals that are released by cells in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to signal cells in another part of the body. Insulin is a hormone that is released by the pancreas that induces the uptake of glucose molecules from the bloodstream into cells. In this way, insulin lowers the overall blood glucose levels of the body. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two types of bone cells that play a role in regulating blood glucose levels (Figure 1).

Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor on osteoblasts activates a signaling pathway that results in osteoblasts releasing a molecule, OPG, that binds to the neighboring osteoclasts. In response, the osteoclasts release protons (H+) and create an area of lower pH outside the cell. This low pH activates osteocalcin, a protein secreted in an inactive form by osteoblasts.

The Esp gene encodes a protein that alters the structure of the insulin receptor on osteoblasts and interferes with the binding of insulin to the receptor. A researcher created a group of osteoblasts with an Esp mutation that prevented the production of a functional Esp product (mutant). The researcher then exposed the mutant strain and a normal strain that expresses Esp to glucose and compared the levels of insulin in the blood near the osteoblasts (Figure 2)

Based on the information provided, which of the following best justifies the claim that osteocalcin is a hormone?

None of the potential answers are correct. The addition of E. coli organisms to a medium containing lactose and glucose.

Compared to glucose, lactose can be broken down more gradually and with less energy. But if lactose is the sole sugar present, E. coli will start utilizing it right once. For the bacteria to use lactose, the lac operon genes, which encode crucial enzymes for lactose absorption and processing, must be expressed.

Adding glucose to the media will prevent E. coli cells from absorbing lactose since glucose is their preferred carbon source. The lac-operon will consequently be inhibited in these bacterial cells. B.

In the presence of both glucose and lactose, lactose binds to the repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator region. Because of this, some mRNA is produced and the restriction on lac gene transcription is lifted.

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Gene expression is the process of turning genes on or off. Gene expression can occur at any point of the transcription-translation process but most often occurs at the transcription level.

Gene expression is the process of turning genes on or off. Proteins that can be activated by other cells and signals from the environment are called transcription factors. Transcription factors bind to regulatory regions of the gene and increase or decrease the level of transcription. Other mechanisms of gene regulation include regulating the processing of RNA, the stability of mRNA and the rate of translation.

Turning the correct genes on and off is an essential component to maintaining a cell’s functionality. Only some of a cell's genes are translated and expressed (transcribed) by the cell. By activating or deactivating the expression of the proper genes, cells respond to environmental cues. Gene regulation is the process of turning genes on or off. Gene expression can occur at any point of the transcription-translation process but most often occurs at the transcription level.

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Citrulline have to be supplied to the mutants of Neurospora that identified three classes of mutants that needed arginine added to minimal media that had a defective enzyme in order to grow.

The amino acid arginine is synthesized by first converting a precursor to ornithine, that is then transformed to citrulline, which is then converted to arginine. Every one of these three steps is controlled by a different enzyme, which is encoded by a different gene.

The synthetic pathway is undamaged in wild type Neurospora, and spores can thrive on minimal medium even without addition of amino acids. Some enzymes in the pathway are non-functional in mutant Neurospora, preventing spores from growing on minimal medium. All of the mutants in this section are referred to as arg- mutants because they all grow when the minimal medium is supplemented with arginine.

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Inside of a pizza oven. Bacteria are limited in their ability to withstand heat, like the majority of living things.

Food-borne bacteria can be eliminated by a pizza oven. The majority of food produced in a pizza oven would come out with the majority of the bacteria or virus on it gone, but this does not mean the food has been entirely sterilised. Both bacterial spores and heat-stable bacterial toxins cannot be destroyed by a pizza oven.

Naturally, baking destroys any bacteria that may be on a pizza. The explanation is that an oven, even a pizza oven, is one environment where bacteria and other germs cannot survive because of the high temperatures.

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The Most Recent Common Ancestor Of A Mushroom And A Sponge the branch point at which the lineages leading to these two species diverge.

In evolutionary biology, common ancestor refers to when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to contemporary evolutionary biology, all living beings are descended from a single ancestor known as the last universal common ancestor of all life on Earth.

Follow each taxon's lineage back in time (towards the base of the tree) until all the lineages meet up to find the most recent common ancestor of a group of taxa on a phylogenetic tree. Their most recent common ancestor is represented by that node.

The Most Recent Common Ancestor Of A Mushroom And A Sponge the branch point at which the lineages leading to these two species diverge.

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The statement which is not true of iodine is c)Children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goners and perform poorly in school. So, option C is correct.

Iodine deficiency is an absence of the minor component iodine, a fundamental nutrient in the eating regimen. It might bring about metabolic issues, for example, goiter, once in a while as an endemic goiter as well as inherent iodine lack condition because of untreated intrinsic hypothyroidism, which brings about formative deferrals and other medical issues. Iodine deficiency is a significant worldwide medical problem, particularly for rich and pregnant ladies. It is likewise a preventable reason for scholarly inability.

Iodine is a fundamental dietary mineral for neurodevelopment among youngsters. The thyroid chemicals thyroxine and triiodothyronine contain iodine. In regions where there is little iodine in the eating routine, ordinarily far off inland regions where no marine food varieties are eaten, iodine lack is normal. It is likewise considered normal in rocky locales of the existence where food is filled in iodine-unfortunate soil.

Hence, option C is correct.

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(Complete question) is:

Which of the following statements is NOT true of iodine?

a) lodine is an integral part of thyroid hormone.

b) Plants of the cabbage family naturally contain goitrogens, which stimulate iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, increasing its hormone production

c)Children with a mild iodine deficiency will have goners and perform poorly in school

d) A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with cretinism, which is characterized by an extreme and irreversible mental impairment and sturned physical growth

the following should be labeled with the patient's name, the date and time of collection, and the initials of the person collecting the specimen :  

-Specimen

-collection tubes

-Slides

To ensure accurate sample identification, proper specimen labeling is essential. Scan evey labeled container with an electronic handheld device to accomplish the collection process. Complete the collection process in the computer system for every effectively collected sample if not using an electronic hand-held device.

To safeguard patients from harm caused by incorrectly labeled specimens, laboratory policy requires that proper labeling requirements be met at all times. Every specimen brought to the laboratory must be labeled on the container it is kept in.

To ensure patient safety, it is critical to correctly identify patients and label specimens. If a specimen is not correctly identified, it can result in delayed or incorrect diagnoses, missed or incorrect treatments, blood transfusion errors, and other problems.

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The following is not an example of common evolutionary ancestory for cell signalling : Both plant and animal cell plastids code for cell membrane receptors

Cell signaling, also known as cell communication, is a cell's capacity to receive, process, and transfer information with its surroundings and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental characteristic of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular life.

Depending on the ligand's origin the cell receptor and ligand interplay and cell signaling pathway activation are classified into four types based on the origin of the ligand: autocrine, endocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine. All cell signaling molecules work by binding with cell receptors expressed on the surface of their target cells. These receptors are often demonstrated on the target cell's surface, but some are intracellular proteins found in the cytosol or nucleus.

Cell signaling is at the heart of critical cellular actions such as development, cell growth and division, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, and it essentially provides the coordination required for multicellular organisms to function.

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