how corruption manifest in public sector and private sector ​

Answer:

All before-mentioned forms of corruption occur in the public sector, including bribery, embezzlement, illicit enrichment, trading in influence, and abuse of functions (which can involve favouritism and nepotism). As noted in Module 1, the precise legal articulation of corruption offences is complex. For example, article 15 of UNCAC defines bribery in the public sector as "[t]he promise, offering or giving, to a public official, directly or indirectly, of an undue advantage, for the official himself or herself or another person or entity, in order that the official act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her official duties". While this definition can be difficult to digest, the essence of the crime - money or anything else of value exchanged for benefits from political or economic actors - is not difficult to grasp. Nor is it difficult to understand the effect of the crime - circumventing lawful procedures by auctioning off political or economic power to the highest bidder.

The same goes for embezzlement and misappropriation of property, defined in UNCAC Article 17. Beyond the complex legal formulation of the definition, the bottom line is that someone entrusted with something valuable (such as property, funds or investments) has taken it for him- or herself or routed it to some third party at the expense of others. It is, essentially, a combination of betrayal and theft. UNCAC article 19 defines the offence of abuse of functions. This offence could apply to situations such as patronage (the use of State resources to reward individuals for their electoral support); nepotism (preferential treatment of relatives); cronyism (awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues); and sextortion (the demand for sexual favours as a form of payment) - all of which undermine independent or democratically representative decision-making, and fair and competitive processes in the formation or staffing of governments. Like the crimes of bribery and embezzlement, these forms of corruption are highly destructive of transparency, accountability and the rule of law. That is not only their effect; it is also their object and purpose. For a further discussion of the crimes defined by UNCAC and the corollary obligations of States that are party to the Convention, see Module 12 of the E4J University Module Series on Anti-Corruption.

Corruption manifests differently in different areas of the public sector. For example, corruption schemes in the areas of security and defence may include patronage and bribes to secure the purchase of military equipment from a particular company, while in the health sector it may refer to kickbacks that patients have to pay to their doctors or abuse of healthcare funds by public officials and doctors. In the area of education, corruption occurs when lecturers demand favours from their students to pass an exam or to receive a diploma (for more information about corruption in education see Module 9 of the E4J University Module Series on Anti-Corruption). Common corruption schemes in the police and the judiciary include the manipulation of cases and evidence by the police, court judgments given to satisfy a favoured party, and corruption in judicial procurement. All these schemes lead to people's frustration, disengagement, polarization and even conflict. When these corruption offences occur in the areas of the public sector that are responsible for providing justice and enforcing the law, such as the judiciary and the police, they are not only offences in their own right, they also obstruct the course of justice and undermine the rule of law and human rights in the most direct and fundamental way.

The purpose or objectives of competition policy ​

During world war 1 Adolfo hitler was a

help! one to two sentences, analyze how Jim Crow laws led to social divisions in the South

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Shakespearean Tragedy

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to generate electricity.
China intends to take advantage of their rivers by building the
a. Huang Dam
C. Three Gorges Dam
b. Xi Dam
d. Yangtze Dam
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
ΟA
ОC
OB
OD

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Why did Tom not enjoy his night in the tent?​

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a
Czech Republic

b
Great Britain

c
Soviet Union

d
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HYV seeds are associated with which research technology?​

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A.the violence in “Bleeding Kansas”
B.the first armed conflict between the North and South
C.Lincoln’s election to the presidency
D.the official creation of the Confederate States of America

Please help this is very important i will give you brain thing if its correct no links please

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The above event was most likely the result of which physical environmental process?

F Earthquake

G Erosion

H Monsoons

J Typhoon

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The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution begins with the words “in order to form a more perfect union.”
Ture of false

what are some differences between sharing in the StoryCorps setting and sharing in an actual group? ​

She has a(n) _____ for traveling all over the world.
O A. raconteur
O B. facetious
O c. irony
O D. affinity
HELLP

Please help 20 points

Diane has a business baking cookies. She will use her own savings to buy the ingredients. She will bake the cookies in her family kitchen. She plans to keep all of the profits. What is her business most likely to be?
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sexism involve similar ways of thinking, or that
these problems are largely unrelated to each
other?

A person's credit score can range from a low of 300 to a high of what number?
Mark this and retum
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HYV seeds are associated with which research technology?







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True or False: The Pax Romana ended with the reign of Augustus Caesar.