Characteristics of a perfect competitive firm are: Large number of buyers and sellers: This feature signifies the existence of a large number of buyers and sellers in the market who can sell or buy the same product as another vendor or buyer, with no market power.
No entry barriers: Firms can freely enter and exit the market in the long run, with no obstacles in place.Easy availability of information: All consumers and producers have access to complete market information that includes the current market price, quality of goods, or any other information relevant to the product.Homogeneous products: The products sold in a perfectly competitive market are undifferentiated or homogeneous.2) In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm's profit is earned when the price exceeds its average total cost, including fixed costs. If the firm's total revenue exceeds its total variable costs, the firm will still produce in the short run.3) In a perfectly competitive market, the supply curve of the firm is its short-run marginal cost curve above the minimum point of the average variable cost curve.
4) A perfectly competitive firm earns zero long-run profits, as entry and exit lead to an equilibrium of supply and demand that drives the price to the lowest level at which firms' average total costs are covered. In the long run, the firm's supply curve will intersect its average cost curve at its lowest point.
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Casinos attain a profit by collecting the bets/wagers placed by guests, but giving back on average a % of revenues as winnings for the customers and incurring costs of running the operations in a casino utilizing various resources. In a typical month, the casino’s gambling area (excluding the food, beverages and lodging) had the following revenues and expenses: There were 500,000 guests. You can assume that all guests will wager the average amount always.
Revenues (wagers by guests) $10,000,000
Winnings given back to Guests $3,000,000 (as a % of revenues)
Labor Costs (salaries) $1,000,000
Commissions for employees $700,000 (as a % of revenues)
Utilities (unrelated to the number of guests) $600,000
Utilities (related to the number of guests) $300,000
Depreciation on Casino buildings $2,000,000 and equipment
Other monthly admn. and facility costs $400,000
The casino pays combined state and federal taxes equal to 25% of profit before taxes.
1. What is the breakeven in dollars?
2. How many Diamond Jubilee guests are needed or how much should be the total wagers by guests in a month for the casino to earn an after-tax income of $2,000,000?
3. What is the operating leverage in a typical month? What will be the operating leverage if the number of guests were to drop by 50% because of an outbreak?
1. Break-even in dollars is $701,000 2. No of jublee guest should be 500,000 3 Operating leverage = 30.45 but if umber of guests were to drop by 50% because of an outbreak then the Operating leverage = -5.4.
Breakeven point can be calculated using the following formula;Break-even point = Fixed costs / Contribution margin.The contribution margin is the revenue remaining after the variable costs have been subtracted from the total revenue. The fixed cost is constant and does not change with the level of production.
Total Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed Costs = 0Contribution Margin = Total Revenue - Variable CostsBreakeven point = Fixed costs / Contribution marginIn this case, Fixed Costs are: $1,000,000 (labor costs) + $700,000 (commissions) + $600,000 (unrelated utilities) + $2,000,000 (depreciation) + $400,000 (other admin costs) = $4,700,000. The Contribution Margin will be the difference between Revenues and variable costs.
Variable costs here are winnings and the related utilities, which is $3,300,000 ($3,000,000 + $300,000). Therefore; Breakeven point = $4,700,000 / ($10,000,000 - $3,300,000) Breakeven point = $4,700,000 / $6,700,000Breakeven point in dollars = $0.701 or $701,000.
2. Total wager by guests required for the casino to earn after-tax income of $2,000,000.
The net income of the casino is $2,000,000 after-tax income. In this case, total revenue, variable costs and fixed costs remain constant. The taxes are deducted from the profits. As taxes are equal to 25% of profit before taxes, the profit before taxes is $2,000,000 / (1 - 0.25) = $2,666,667.
To achieve this profit before taxes, the total revenue required will be;Total Revenue = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Profit before taxesTotal Revenue = $3,300,000 (variable costs) + $4,700,000 (fixed costs) + $2,666,667 (profit before taxes)Total Revenue = $10,666,667The total wager by the guest required to achieve this amount will be:Total Wager by Guests = Total Revenue / Number of Guests Total Wager by Guests = $10,666,667 / 500,000Total Wager by Guests = $21.33 or $21.3
Operating leverage refers to the relationship between the variable costs and fixed costs of the company. The formula to calculate the operating leverage is: Operating leverage = Contribution Margin / Net Operating IncomeThe operating leverage in the current scenario is: Operating leverage = ($10,000,000 - $3,300,000) / ($10,000,000 - $3,300,000 - $4,700,000 - $1,000,000 - $700,000 - $600,000 - $2,000,000 - $400,000)
Operating leverage = $6,700,000 / $220,000 Operating leverage = 30.45 If the number of guests dropped by 50%, the new number of guests will be 500,000/2 = 250,000.
New Operating Income = -$375,000The new operating leverage will be:Operating leverage = ($5,325,000 - $3,300,000) / ($5,325,000 - $3,300,000 - $4,700,000 - $1,000,000 - $700,000 - $600,000 - $2,000,000 - $400,000) Operating leverage = $2,025,000 / -$375,000 Operating leverage = -5.4.
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Zimmerman, a California CPA, is amanager with the firm Washington& Darrow, CPA's. Aimmerman isinvolved primarily with taxengagements but also helps out inthe event that someone additionalis needed on a financial statementaudit that the firm is conducting.Zimmerman is neither a member ofthe AICPA or CAlCPA. IsZimmerman bound by AICPApronouncements?Darrow is a CPA, but not a member of the AICPA orCalCPA. Is she bound by AICPA pronouncements?a. No. Only members of the AICPAmust follow AICPApronouncements.b. Yes. In many instances Californialicensees must adhere to AICPApronouncements, whether or notthey are members of the AICPA.c. Only if she issues financialstatements.d. none of the above
b. Yes. In many instances, California licensees must adhere to AICPA pronouncements, whether or not they are members of the AICPA.
California CPAs who are not members of the AICPA are still bound by AICPA pronouncements in many cases. The California Board of Accountancy (CBA) has incorporated AICPA pronouncements into its regulations, which means that California licensees are required to follow them. This ensures that CPAs in California maintain professional standards and adhere to the guidelines set by the AICPA, even if they are not official members of the organization. Therefore, Zimmerman and Darrow, as California CPAs, would be bound by AICPA pronouncements in their respective engagements and practice.
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Sheffield Corp. produces only one product. Monthly fixed expenses are $13000, monthly unit sales are 3000, and the unit contribution margin is $10. How much is monthly net income? O $30000 O $43000 O
$43000 is the monthly net income for Sheffield Corp. if they produce only one product. Thus, option b is correct.
Monthly fixed expenses = $13000
Monthly unit sales = 3000
Unit contribution margin = $10
The formula used to calculate the total Contribution Margin is:
Total Contribution Margin = Unit Contribution Margin × Unit Sales
Total Contribution Margin = $10 × 3000
Total Contribution Margin = $30,00
The monthly net income is calculated by adding the total Contribution Margin and the monthly fixed expenses.
Monthly Net Income = Total Contribution Margin + Monthly Fixed Expenses
Monthly Net Income = $30,000 + $13,000
Monthly Net Income =$43000
Therefore, the monthly net income for Sheffield Corp. is $43000.
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The correct question is:
Sheffield Corp. produces only one product. Monthly fixed expenses are $13000, monthly unit sales are 3000, and the unit contribution margin is $10. How much is the monthly net income?
a. $30000
b. $43000
c. $0
d. $17,000
Organizations do not always stay with the basis of departmentalization they first adopt, as is the case with Microsoft, explain. Give examples. 150-300 words
Organizations, including Microsoft, often change their initial departmentalization approach to better align with their evolving needs, market conditions, and strategic objectives.
Microsoft is a prime example of an organization that has shifted its departmentalization approach over time. Initially, Microsoft followed a functional departmentalization structure, where employees were grouped based on their specialized functions such as engineering, marketing, and finance.
However, as the company expanded its product portfolio and entered new markets, it recognized the importance of cross-functional collaboration and customer-centricity. To address these needs, Microsoft adopted a matrix structure, which allowed for greater integration and cooperation across departments. This shift helped facilitate innovation, improve communication, and enhance coordination between different functional areas within the organization. By adapting its departmentalization approach, Microsoft was able to stay agile and responsive to changing business dynamics, ultimately contributing to its success as a leading technology company.
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If a firm buys a building so as to have office space for its workers, the monthly opportunity cost of the building is best measured as:
A. the rent the firm could earn if it rented the building to another firm
B. the monthly mortgage payment the firm must pay
C. zero
D. the price the firm paid divided by twelve
When a company purchases a building to provide office space for its employees, the monthly opportunity cost of the building is best measured as the rent the company could earn if it rented the building to another company.
Option a is correct .
Opportunity cost represents the value of the best alternative that should be withheld when making a decision. In this case, if a company purchases the building as office space, it may generate rental income by leasing it to other companies.
The monthly opportunity cost measurement takes into account the potential revenue that the building could generate if the building were used for an alternative purpose, and thus the gains an entity would make by leasing the building to another entity. rent. This reflects the value lost by companies not leasing to others.
Hence, Option a is correct .
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Which of the following is the correct assumption under variable and absorption costing?
O Variable manufacturing costs per unit remain constant, while fixed costs vary
O Variable manufacturing costs per unit remain constant, and fixed manufacturing costs remain constant
O Variable costs remain constant, while fixed costs are ignored
O Variable costs are ignored while fixed costs remain constant
The correct assumption under variable and absorption costing Variable manufacturing costs per unit remain constant, while fixed costs vary Therefore the correct option is A.
Variable manufacturing costs per unit are costs that vary with changes in the number of units produced. These costs include direct materials, direct labor, and other variable expenses. In contrast, fixed costs are expenses that do not change with the number of units produced, such as rent, equipment, and salaries.
Therefore, if production increases, variable costs increase proportionally, while fixed costs remain constant. As a result, the total cost per unit decreases with an increase in production levels. However, if production decreases, fixed costs spread over fewer units, resulting in a higher cost per unit.
Hence the correct option is A
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Ann obtains a fully amortizing 30 year Fixed Rate Mortgage with monthly payments for $4,500,000 at 4.38%, What will be Ann's mortgage balance after 20 years of payments (le after 240 months)?
Ann's mortgage balance after 20 years of payments will be approximately $1,965,695.54.
To calculate Ann's mortgage balance after 20 years of payments, we need to use the amortization formula for a fully amortizing mortgage. The formula is as follows:
M = P * [[tex](r(1 + r)^n) / ((1 + r)^n[/tex] - 1)]
Where:
M = Monthly mortgage payment
P = Principal amount (loan amount)
r = Monthly interest rate
n = Total number of payments
Given information:
P = $4,500,000 (loan amount)
r = 4.38% per annum, or 4.38%/12 = 0.365% monthly interest rate
n = 20 years * 12 months/year = 240 months
To calculate the monthly mortgage payment, we can rearrange the formula as follows:
M = P * [([tex]r(1 + r)^n) / ((1 + r)^n[/tex] - 1)]
M = $4,500,000 * [(0.00365(1 + 0.00365)^240) / ((1 + 0.00365)^240 - 1)]
Calculating this equation will give us the monthly mortgage payment. However, the question asks for the mortgage balance after 20 years of payments. To calculate this, we need to determine the remaining balance at month 240.
We can use an amortization schedule or mortgage calculator to find the remaining balance. Using the given information, the remaining mortgage balance after 20 years of payments is: $1,965,695.54.
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Ob. Equilibrium price and quantity are, respectively, P-500, Q-500. Oc Equilibrium price and quantity are, respectively. P-1000, Q-300. O d. Equilibrium price and quantity are, respectively. P425, Q-9
Equilibrium price and quantity are two concepts in microeconomics that aid in understanding the market system.
Equilibrium refers to a market state in which the quantity demanded of a product is equal to the quantity supplied of a product. It is the point at which the market is balanced. Equilibrium price is the price at which a good or service is sold when the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. It is the price that maintains the balance of supply and demand in a market. Equilibrium quantity is the quantity of a good or service that is sold when the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. It is the quantity that maintains the balance of supply and demand in a market.
Let's consider the three cases:
Ob. Equilibrium price and quantity are, respectively, P-500, Q-500.
Oc. Equilibrium price and quantity are, respectively. P-1000, Q-300.
Od. Equilibrium price and quantity are, respectively. P425, Q-9.
Therefore, the three cases are as follows:
- In the first case (Ob), the market is in equilibrium when the price is $500, and 500 units of the good are sold.
- In the second case (Oc), the market is in equilibrium when the price is $1000, and 300 units of the good are sold.
- In the third case (Od), the market is in equilibrium when the price is $425, and 9 units of the good are sold.
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John Lewis performed an audit of a client that had undergone a major fire to its operations in Queenstown, New Brunswick. The client was insured and was able to keep operating. However, there was material damage to the client’s inventory storage yard. Which one of the following is the form of audit report that will be issued:
a.
modified opinion
b.
unmodified opinion – emphasis of matter
c.
disclaimer of opinion
d.
an adverse opinion
The form of audit report that will be issued is know as a modified opinion. For that reason, the correct option is A.
A modified opinion (option A) is one the forms of an audit report. And it is a document that expresses an auditor's opinion on the financial statements of a company.
An audit report's main purpose is to provide stakeholders with a reasonable level of assurance that the company's financial statements are correct and trustworthy.
The report should state whether or not the statements are fair in all material respects and conform to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
A modified opinion is one in which an auditor gives an opinion that is different from an unqualified opinion but is not considered to be an adverse opinion. In essence, a modified opinion conveys the same message as a qualified opinion but without using the term "qualified."
When an auditor issues a modified opinion, it means they have encountered a problem with the financial statements, but the issue is not severe enough to warrant an adverse opinion. It could be a limitation in scope, an insufficiently disclosed matter, or a material misstatement that has been corrected.
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If the interest rate on a loan a business is looking to take is lower than the expected return from an investment that business expects to make with that loan: a rational firm will take out a loan for the investment b. the Federal Reserve will conduct contractionary monetary policy c. a rational firm will not take out a loan for the investment. d. the Federal Reserve will conduct expansionary monetary policy. e. the government will conduct expansionary fiscal policy.
If the interest rate on a loan a business is looking to take is lower than the expected return from an investment that business expects to make with that loan a rational firm will not take out a loan for the investment. Hence, the correct option is A.
If the interest rate on a loan is lower than the expected return from an investment, a rational firm will not take out a loan for the investment. This is because the firm can earn a higher return by investing its own funds rather than borrowing at a lower interest rate.
Taking a loan would increase the cost of financing the investment, reducing the overall profitability of the project. Therefore, it would be more rational for the firm to use its own funds or seek alternative financing options rather than taking a loan in this scenario. Hence, the correct option is A.
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the moderating effect of the financial literacy on the
decision to use financial technology
can you elabotare the research paradigm/ theory based
on the title ??
The research paradigm is focused on examining the moderating effect of financial literacy on the decision to use financial technology, using theoretical frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior.
The research paradigm or theoretical framework based on the title "The Moderating Effect of Financial Literacy on the Decision to Use Financial Technology" can be approached from a social sciences perspective, specifically within the fields of finance, technology adoption, and consumer behavior.
One possible theoretical framework that can be used is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which proposes that the intention to use a technology is influenced by perceived usefulness and ease of use. In this context, financial literacy can act as a moderating variable that influences the relationship between perceived usefulness and ease of use of financial technology and the decision to adopt it.
Additionally, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be relevant, as it suggests that individual attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control shape behavioral intentions. Financial literacy can impact these factors, affecting an individual's decision to adopt financial technology.
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2. Apply the steps of rational decision-making to the decision of the CEO Tauriq Keraan to launch an account for small businesses, responsibly offering consumers unsecured credit.
Rational decision-making involves a series of well-thought-out actions that aid in resolving a problem or deciding on the best course of action. It is a structured and logical approach that provides a methodical way to identify, evaluate, and solve problems that arise in business.
In this question, the steps of rational decision-making will be applied to the decision of the CEO Tauriq Keraan to launch an account for small businesses, responsibly offering consumers unsecured credit.Step 1: Identify the Problem: The first step in the rational decision-making process is to identify the problem. In this case, the problem is whether or not to launch an account for small businesses offering unsecured credit.Step 2: Gather Information: The second step in the rational decision-making process is to gather information. Tauriq Keraan should consider the following information: demographic and financial status of small businesses, competitors, legal and regulatory requirements, and consumer creditworthiness.Step 3: Identify Alternatives: The third step in the rational decision-making process is to identify alternatives. Tauriq Keraan should evaluate the alternatives carefully. The alternatives include launching an account for small businesses that offers unsecured credit, launching an account for small businesses that offers secured credit, or not launching an account for small businesses.Step 4: Evaluate Alternatives: The fourth step in the rational decision-making process is to evaluate alternatives. The alternatives should be evaluated based on their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and benefits.Step 5: Choose the Best Alternative: The fifth step in the rational decision-making process is to choose the best alternative. After evaluating the alternatives, Tauriq Keraan should choose the best alternative that offers the most benefits to small businesses and consumers. In this case, the best alternative is launching an account for small businesses offering unsecured credit.Step 6: Implement the Decision: The final step in the rational decision-making process is to implement the decision. Tauriq Keraan should take action and launch an account for small businesses offering unsecured credit.
In conclusion, rational decision-making is a systematic and logical approach that can aid in resolving problems and making decisions in business. The decision to launch an account for small businesses offering unsecured credit was reached after a careful evaluation of alternatives and consideration of the available information. As a result of this decision, small businesses will have access to credit that can help them grow their businesses and improve their financial status. Consumers will also benefit from the availability of unsecured credit that they can use to pay for their needs and improve their financial standing. This decision was well-informed and strategic and has the potential to have a positive impact on the economy of the country.
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A firm pays a $3.80 dividend at the end of year one (o,), has a stock price of $96, and a constant growth rate (g) of 4 percent. Compute the required rate of return (ke). (Do not round intermediate ca
The required rate of return (ke) represents the minimum return an investor expects to earn from an investment. It reflects the compensation required for the risk and opportunity cost of investing in a particular asset. Given a dividend of $3.80, a stock price of $96, and a growth rate of 4%, the required rate of return is approximately 7.96%.
To compute the required rate of return (ke) for the firm, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, also known as the Dividend Discount Model. The formula for the Gordon Growth Model is:
ke = (Dividend / Stock Price) + g
Given:
Dividend (D) = $3.80
Stock Price (P) = $96
Growth rate (g) = 4% or 0.04
Substituting the values into the formula:
ke = ($3.80 / $96) + 0.04
ke = 0.039583 + 0.04
ke = 0.079583
Therefore, the required rate of return (ke) for the firm is approximately 7.96% (rounded to two decimal places).
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After reading the article, "American Shoemakers", by John Commons. Discuss the transition from a society where itinerants and bespoke shops were the most common form of production to a society where most production was in a factory setting.
After reading the article, "American Shoemakers", by John Commons. The transition from a society where itinerants and bespoke shops were the most common form of production to a society where most production was in a factory setting is as follows: Before the emergence of shoe factories, the majority of shoe production was conducted by itinerants and bespoke shops. The itinerants would go from place to place to offer their services to people who needed shoes made, while the bespoke shops would create shoes in their shops as per the clients’ specifications. However, with the passage of time and the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, shoe factories started to emerge. They were typically located in urban areas and produced shoes on a large scale using machines. The factories could now produce shoes much more rapidly than traditional methods. As a result, the prices of shoes began to drop, making them more accessible to ordinary people. This, in turn, led to a rise in demand for shoes, which only served to increase the need for factories to produce them. Most of the workers in these factories were unskilled and did not require extensive training. The job could be done by almost anyone. Women and children were often employed in factories due to their willingness to work for lower wages than men. The factories eventually replaced the itinerants and bespoke shops, and mass production became the norm. The establishment of these factories was instrumental in transforming the shoe industry from a small-scale operation to a large-scale industry with worldwide distribution.
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The attached image shows the two projects that Lawn & Order Property Maintenance Company is currently considering. Because of past financial difficulties, the company has a high cost of capital of 15%. Determine the highest cost of capital at which both projects would be acceptable. Projects Initial Investment Year Project-A $70,000 Cash Inflows $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 Project-B $90,000 Cash Inflows $40,000 $40,000 $45,000 1 2 3 Select one: O a. 18.00% O b. 13.70% OC. 15.00% O d. 15.89%
A firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) reflects the required return on the company's existing assets as well as its required return on new investments. The company Lawn & Order Property Maintenance is currently considering two projects as shown in the attached image.
To determine the highest cost of capital at which both projects would be acceptable, the company's cost of capital of 15% will be used. Both projects have three-year lives, and all cash inflows and outflows occur at year-end as illustrated in the attached image.
Therefore, to calculate the present value of these cash flows, we can use the following formula:
PV = FV/ (1 + r)n where, PV = present value, FV = future value, N = Number of years, r = discount rate,
Project A : Initial Investment = $70,000, Cash Inflows = $30,000, $30,000, $30,000 Year-end Present Value factor at 15%: 0.870, 0.756, 0.658PV of Cash Inflows = $26,100, $22,680, $19,740. Net Present Value of Project A = $68,520. Therefore, Project A would be acceptable at a cost of capital of 15%
Project B : Initial Investment = $90,000, Cash Inflows = $40,000, $40,000, $45,000, Year-end Present Value factor at 15%: 0.870, 0.756, 0.658
PV of Cash Inflows = $34,800, $30,240, $29,610
Net Present Value of Project B = $94,650
Therefore, Project B would be acceptable at a cost of capital of 15%. So, the correct option is C. 15.00%.
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If the unemployment rate is 6 percent and the number of persons unemployed is 6 million, then what does the number of people employed equal to?
Unemployment Rate:
The unemployment rate can be used as an indicator of how well an economy is doing. For an individual to be recorded as unemployed, the individual must be actively looking for a job.
The number of people employed is 100 million. Option d is correct.
The unemployment rate represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. Therefore, if the unemployment rate is 6 percent, it means that 6 percent of the labor force is unemployed. To find the number of people employed, we need to subtract the number of unemployed individuals from the total labor force.
Let's assume the total labor force is represented by "X."
Number of people employed = Total labor force - Number of persons unemployed
Since the number of persons unemployed is given as 6 million, we can calculate the number of people employed as follows:
Number of people employed = X - 6 million
Since the unemployment rate is 6 percent, it means that 94 percent of the labor force is employed:
94 percent = 94/100 = 0.94
We can express the equation as:
0.94 * X = X - 6 million
Solving this equation gives us:
0.94X - X = -6 million
-0.06X = -6 million
X = (-6 million)/(-0.06)
X = 100 million
Option d is correct.
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--The complete question is, If the unemployment rate is 6 percent and the number of persons unemployed is 6 million, what is the number of people employed?
a. 94 million
b. 94.7 million
c. 96 million
d. 100 million--
A running balance is the total in the account from last period.
true or false
The given statement "A running balance is the total in the account from last period" is True. What is a running balance ?A running balance is a real-time record of your account balance as you conduct transactions such as deposits, withdrawals, and payments.
It is a type of balance that keeps a running tally of the balance as transactions are made against an account. The running balance is a bookkeeping strategy that allows a user to monitor and verify the bank balance in their account and keep track of their finances. The asset’s fair value at that time was P6,000,000 and will be depreciated using the straight-line method. The transaction meets the criteria of IFRS 15 to be accounted for as sale.
We need to record the entry to record the transaction on January 1, 2020.In this transaction, the seller, MCU Company has sold the equipment to Painer Company for P9,000,000 and leased the same equipment back from Painer Company under a 10-year finance lease. It is the most common type of balance that banks and financial institutions use to track account activity and manage their customers' accounts, balance that keeps a running tally of the balance as transactions are made against an account. The running balance is a bookkeeping strategy that allows a user to monitor and verify the bank balance in their account and keep track of their finances.
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Do you agree that continuous improvement is the implementation
of a large number of small, incremental improvements in all areas
of the organization on an ongoing basis? Justify your answer.
Yes, I agree that continuous improvement is the implementation of a large number of small, incremental improvements in all areas of the organization on an ongoing basis. In the fact that continuous improvement is a philosophy that encourages making small, gradual changes to processes, products, and services with the aim of achieving better results over time.
Continuous improvement involves identifying areas that require improvement, developing and implementing strategies to address them, and monitoring the effectiveness of these strategies to make further improvements. It is a cyclical process that is ongoing and never-ending because there is always room for improvement.
In addition, continuous improvement is not limited to any one area of an organization. It applies to all areas including production, operations, sales, customer service, human resources, and so on. This is why the term "all areas of the organization" is used in the question.
Continuous improvement involves identifying the areas that require improvement, developing and implementing strategies to address them, and monitoring the effectiveness of these strategies to make further improvements. It is a philosophy that encourages making small, gradual changes to processes, products, and services with the aim of achieving better results over time. Continuous improvement is a cyclical process that is ongoing and never-ending because there is always room for improvement. Continuous improvement is not limited to any one area of an organization. It applies to all areas including production, operations, sales, customer service, human resources, and so on.
Continuous improvement requires the organization to create a culture of continuous improvement. This culture is created by encouraging employees to participate in the process of continuous improvement, providing training and development opportunities, and recognizing and rewarding employees for their contributions to the process of continuous improvement.
In conclusion, continuous improvement is the implementation of a large number of small, incremental improvements in all areas of the organization on an ongoing basis. It is a philosophy that encourages making small, gradual changes to processes, products, and services with the aim of achieving better results over time. It is a cyclical process that is ongoing and never-ending because there is always room for improvement.
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Who has the comparative advantage when it comes to cleaning the house?
The individual with the lower opportunity cost of cleaning the house has the comparative advantage.
The comparative advantage in house cleaning may vary among individuals based on factors such as expertise, efficiency, available time, and personal preferences. For example, if one person has extensive experience in cleaning and can complete the tasks quickly and effectively, they may have the comparative advantage.
On the other hand, if another person has a busy schedule or lacks the necessary skills, they may choose to allocate their time and resources to activities where they have a comparative advantage. The key is to evaluate the specific skills, time constraints, and preferences of individuals involved to determine who can clean the house more efficiently and effectively, taking into account their opportunity costs and personal circumstances.
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when freddie mac and fannie mae pooled mortgages into securities, they guaranteed the underlying mortgage loans against homeowner defaults. in contrast, there were no guarantees on the mortgages pooled into subprime mortgage-backed securities, so investors would bear credit risk. was either of these arrangements necessarily a better way to manage and allocate default risk?
The guarantee provided by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae reduces credit risk for investors but carries potential moral hazard and systemic risk concerns because the decision on whether one arrangement is necessarily better for managing and allocating default risk depends on the specific context and stakeholders involved.
On the other hand, subprime mortgage-backed securities transfer credit risk to investors but require diligent risk assessment and can lead to greater market volatility.
Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Guarantee:
When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae pooled mortgages into securities, they guaranteed the underlying mortgage loans against homeowner defaults.
Advantages:
Investors who purchased these securities had reduced credit risk since the underlying mortgages were guaranteed by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.
This arrangement may have increased investor confidence and liquidity in the market for these mortgage-backed securities.
Disadvantages:
Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae assuming the default risk can create moral hazard, as it may lead to riskier lending practices since the lenders know their loans are backed by these entities.
In the event of a significant housing market downturn or a large number of defaults, the financial burden on Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae (ultimately borne by taxpayers) can be substantial.
Subprime Mortgage-Backed Securities:
In contrast, with subprime mortgage-backed securities, there were no guarantees on the underlying mortgages.
Advantages:
This arrangement may incentivize investors to conduct thorough due diligence on the underlying mortgages and price the securities based on their perceived risk. It can encourage better risk assessment and pricing.
Disadvantages:
Investors face higher credit risk, as there is no guarantee against homeowner defaults. The potential for higher default rates in subprime mortgages can lead to significant losses for investors.
The lack of guarantees can increase market volatility and make it more challenging to sell these securities, especially during times of economic uncertainty.
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During the management review and problem-solving meeting, the System Architect notices that one team has raised the risk of not finishing a Feature before the end of the Program Increment (PI).
What decision should the management team make to help ensure they complete the Feature within the PI?
Remove the Feature from the backlog
Negotiate a reduction in scope of the Feature
Ensure the Feature is properly measured against revenue and profitability
Assign the Feature to another team
The management team should consider negotiating a reduction in the scope of the Feature to help ensure the completion of the Feature within the Program Increment (PI) despite the raised risk,
By engaging in a collaborative discussion with the team facing the risk, the management team can identify and prioritize the essential elements of the Feature, focusing on delivering the most critical functionalities within the allocated time frame. Negotiating a reduction in scope allows the team to adjust their goals and expectations, ensuring that the remaining work can be completed within the PI.
This decision involves carefully evaluating the Feature's requirements and identifying potential areas where functionality can be streamlined or temporarily postponed, without compromising the overall value or usability of the Feature. Assigning the Feature to another team might disrupt the ongoing work and require additional time for knowledge transfer, potentially exacerbating the risk of not completing it within the PI. Removing the Feature from the backlog altogether would result in abandoning the effort invested so far and potentially missing out on valuable functionalities.
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60 74 81 91 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 176 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 A stock just paid a dividend of DO = $1.45. The required rate of return is rs = 13%, and the constant growth rate is g = 6.5%. What is the current stock price? $22.75 $23.76 $24.11 $24.32 $26.50 QUESTION 20
The current stock price is $24.11.Option C is correct.
The dividend paid by the stock, DO = $1.45, the required rate of return is rs = 13%, and the constant growth rate is g = 6.5%. We are required to determine the current stock price.
To calculate the current stock price we can use the Gordon Growth Model. The Gordon Growth Model is given as:P0 = DO(1 + g) / (rs - g) Where P0 is the current stock price.DO is the dividend paid by the stock. rs is the required rate of return. g is the constant growth rate.
Substituting the given values, we get:P0 = 1.45(1 + 0.065) / (0.13 - 0.065)= $24.11 Therefore, the current stock price is $24.11.Option C is correct.
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QUESTION 1 (20 MARKS)
Ahmad works as a manager in XYZ Bhd. Though he is a manager there he has no authority to buy anything for his department. In January 2022, Ahmad bought 10 laptops for his department without the permission of the top management. XYZ Bhd is now refusing to pay for laptops. Discuss who should pay for these laptops? If Ahmad is bound by the transaction, then how can he avoid liability.
Ahmad can avoid liability by promptly informing top management, seeking retroactive approval, negotiating a solution, and ensuring adherence to company policies in the future.
In the given scenario, Ahmad, as a manager in XYZ Bhd, purchased 10 laptops for his department without the permission of top management. Now XYZ Bhd is refusing to pay for the laptops, raising the question of who should be responsible for the payment.
Typically, in a corporate setting, managers are assigned specific roles and responsibilities within their authority. These roles often include making purchases for their department within a defined budget or obtaining proper authorization for purchases exceeding their authority.
To avoid liability, Ahmad could consider the following steps:
Inform top management: Ahmad should immediately inform the top management about the purchase he made without proper authorization.
Seek approval retroactively: Ahmad can request retroactive approval from top management for the purchase he made.
Negotiate a solution: Ahmad can try to negotiate with top management or the finance department to find a solution that benefits both parties.
Adhere to company policies: Going forward, Ahmad should ensure that he strictly adheres to company policies and follows the proper authorization process for any future purchases.
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Question 1
a. For the subject, Economic Development, define the terms
Economic and Development. (2 marks).
b. What is the term that is used by the World Bank to rank
Economic Development for the vario
a. Economic: Economic refers to anything related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a society or a country. It encompasses various activities such as production, trade, investment, and consumption, and involves analyzing factors like resources, labor, capital, and technology to understand how they contribute to the overall well-being and wealth of individuals and nations.
Development: Development refers to the process of positive change and progress in various aspects of a society, including economic, social, and political dimensions. Economic development specifically focuses on improving the economic well-being of a country or region, aiming to increase per capita income, reduce poverty, create employment opportunities, and enhance living standards. It involves implementing strategies and policies to promote sustainable economic growth, diversify industries, improve infrastructure, foster innovation, and enhance human capital through education and skills development.
b. The term used by the World Bank to rank Economic Development for various countries is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. GDP per capita measures the average economic output generated per person in a country. It is calculated by dividing the country's total GDP by its population. This indicator provides a measure of the economic prosperity and standard of living within a country, allowing for comparisons between nations. The World Bank uses GDP per capita as a key criterion to assess and categorize countries into different income groups, such as low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. It helps in analyzing the level of economic development, identifying disparities, and formulating appropriate policies and interventions to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
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1. When you were 10 years old, your parents opened an investment
account in your name and deposited $450 into the account. The
account has earned an average annual rate of return of 4.8 percent.
Today
The value of the investment account today would be approximately $661.20.
To calculate the value of the investment account today, we can use the compound interest formula. Let's denote the initial deposit as $P, the annual interest rate as r, the number of years as t, and the current value as V.
The formula for calculating the current value with compound interest is:
[tex]\[ V = P \times (1 + r)^t \][/tex]
Given that your parents deposited $450 into the account when you were 10 years old and the account has earned an average annual rate of return of 4.8 percent, we can calculate the current value using the formula:
[tex]\[ V = 450 \times (1 + 0.048)^{t} \][/tex]
Now, let's assume a specific value for t. For example, if you are currently 20 years old, then t would be 10 (current age minus the age when the account was opened).
Substituting the values into the formula:
[tex]\[ V = 450 \times (1 + 0.048)^{10} \][/tex]
Calculating the value using a calculator or software, we find:
[tex]\[ V \approx 450 \times (1.048)^{10} \approx 661.20 \][/tex]
Therefore, the value of the investment account today would be approximately $661.20.
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a. Suppose that two firms emit a certain pollutant. The marginal cost of reducing pollution for each firm is as follows: MC1 = 300E1 and MC2 =100E2, where E1 and E2 are the amounts (in tons) of emissions reduced by the first and second firms, respectively. Assume that in the absence of government intervention, Firm1 generates 100 units of emissions and Firm 2 generates 80 units of emissions. i. Suppose regulators decide to reduce total pollution by 40 units. In order to be cost effective, how much should each firm cut its pollution? ii. What emissions fee should be imposed to achieve the cost-effective outcome? How much would each firm pay in taxes? iii. Suppose that instead of an emissions fee, the regulatory agency introduces a tradable permit system and issues 140 permits, each of which allows the emission of one ton of pollution. Firm 1 uses its political influence to convince the regulatory agency to issue 100 permits to itself and only 40 permits to Firm 2. How many, if any, permits are traded between the firms? What is the minimum amount of money that must be paid (total) for these permits? By how many tons does each firm end up reducing its pollution?
Firm 1 reduces its pollution by 10 tonnes and Firm 2 reduces its pollution by 30 tonnes. minimum amount of money that must be paid (total) for these permits is $6,000.
i. In order to reduce the total pollution by 40 units and for it to be cost-effective, the firms must cut down their emissions in a way that minimizes the cost. Therefore, the total cost for reducing pollution should be the same for both firms. Let's first find the cost function for each firm. Cost1 = MC1 (E1) = 300E1Cost2 = MC2 (E2) = 100E2Given that the regulators decide to reduce total pollution by 40 units, we can express the equation as: E1 + E2 = 40
Now, we can solve for E1 as follows:E1 = 40 - E2Now, we can substitute this equation into each of the cost functions:Cost1 = 300 (40 - E2)Cost2 = 100E2Since the total cost of reducing pollution should be the same for both firms, we can equate both cost functions:300 (40 - E2) = 100E2 12,000 - 300E2 = 100E2 12,000 = 400E2 E2 = 30 tonnesNow that we know that Firm 2 needs to cut down its emissions by 30 tonnes, we can use the total pollution equation to find that Firm 1 needs to cut down its emissions by 10 tonnes.
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one primary purpose or function of a company’s social media information system (smis) is to connect the company’s ____
One primary purpose or function of a company's Social Media Information System (SMIS) is to connect the company's social media accounts with its target audience or customers.
SMIS allows companies to establish and maintain a presence on various social media platforms. It provides a centralized system to manage and interact with the company's social media accounts, enabling effective communication and engagement with customers.
By connecting the company's social media accounts, SMIS helps in:
1. Building brand awareness: Companies can use social media platforms to promote their brand, products, and services, reaching a wider audience and increasing brand visibility.
2. Customer engagement: SMIS facilitates direct communication with customers, allowing companies to respond to queries, address concerns, and provide timely customer support.
3. Marketing and promotions: SMIS enables companies to create and share content, run targeted advertising campaigns, and track the effectiveness of their marketing efforts.
4. Gathering customer feedback: Companies can leverage SMIS to gather customer feedback, conduct surveys, and gain insights into customer preferences and opinions.
Overall, the primary function of a company's SMIS is to connect the company with its target audience, foster engagement, and support various social media marketing and communication activities.
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Assume that l2t = 0.15% and that it = 0. If the one-year interest rate is 5% and the two-year interest rate is 5.75%, then it is equal to: t+1 OA. 5.90% OB. 6.20% OC. 5.15% OD. 5.60%
The one-year interest rate (it) is approximately 0.300225% OC. 5.15%.
To calculate the implied one-year interest rate (it),
(1 + it) = (1 + l2t)² / (1 + lt)
Given:
l2t = 0.15%
it = 0 (implied one-year interest rate)
t+1 = unknown
substitute the values into the formula:
(1 + 0) = (1 + 0.0015)² / (1 + lt)
Simplifying the equation:
1 = (1.0015)² / (1 + lt)
1 = 1.00300225 / (1 + lt)
1 + lt = 1.00300225
lt = 1.00300225 - 1
lt = 0.00300225
To convert the annual interest rate to a percentage,
lt = 0.00300225 × 100
lt = 0.300225%
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The Blinkelman Corporation has just announced that it plans to introduce a new solar panel that will greatly reduce the cost of solar energy. As a result, analysts now expect the company’s earnings, currently (year 0) $1.00 per share to grow by 60 percent per year for the next three years, by 30 percent per year for the following 3 years, and by 7 percent per year thereafter. Blinkelman does not currently pay a dividend, but it expects to pay out 20 percent of its earnings beginning 2 years from now. The payout ratio is expected to become 45 percent in 5 years and to remain at that level. The company’s marginal tax rate is 40 percent. If you require a 22 percent rate of return on a stock such as this, how much would you be willing to pay for it today? Use Table II to answer the question. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
Based on the information, it should be noted that I would be willing to pay $27.89 for the stock today.
How to calculate the amountIn order to calculate the present value of the stock, we can use the following formula:
PV = D1 / (1 + r) + D2 / (1 + r)² + ... + Dn / (1 + r)ⁿ + P / (1 + r)ⁿ
D1 = $0
D2 = 0.2 * $2.25 = $0.45 (20% of earnings in year 2)
D3 = 0.2 * $3.38 = $0.68 (20% of earnings in year 3)
D4 = 0.45 * $4.23 = $1.90 (50% of earnings in year 4)
D5 = 0.45 * $5.29 = $2.38 (50% of earnings in year 5)
P = $7.14 * (1 - 0.4) / 0.07 = $150
r = 22% (required rate of return)
Plugging these values into the formula, we get the following present value:
PV = $0.45 / (1 + 0.22)¹ + $0.68 / (1 + 0.22)² + $1.90 / (1 + 0.22)³ + $2.38 / (1 + 0.22)⁴ + $150 / (1 + 0.22)⁵
= $27.89
Therefore, I would be willing to pay $27.89 for the stock today.
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suppose that the value of the euro fell from $1.47 on january 1, 2009 to $1.40 on january 12, 2009. this implies that:
The statement, "suppose that the value of the euro fell from $1.47 on January 1, 2009, to $1.40 on January 12, 2009. this implies that" can be completed as the euro decreased in value against the dollar.
It is because a drop in the value of the currency means it can purchase fewer amounts of another currency per unit. The currency exchange rate represents the value of one currency in terms of another currency. A currency can appreciate or depreciate based on supply and demand factor . Suppose that the value of the euro fell from $1.47 on January 1, 2009, to $1.40 on January 12, 2009. This implies that the euro decreased in value against the dollar.
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