In a closed economy without a government, saving equals investment.When there is no government, no taxation, no spending, no budget and no redistribution, the three sectors of the economy are private households, private businesses, and the financial sector.
The financial sector serves as the mediator between households and companies, saving and borrowing from them respectively.
The model for a closed economy can be presented in the following equation:Y = C + IHere, Y is income, C is consumption, and I is investment. In the closed economy, households determine the level of income (Y), which means that Y = C + S, where S is the country's saving.
Moreover, the companies determine the level of investment (I), which means that Y = C + I. By combining the two formulas, we get:Y = C + S = C + I = C + S => S = ITherefore, saving equals investment.
In conclusion, in a closed economy without a government, saving equals investment, option c. The savings of private households are the same as the investment of private businesses, and the financial sector acts as a mediator between the two. The two must be equal for the economy to remain in balance.
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1. What is important qualities of a team leader? And Why?
2. What should be some of first team meeting activities and
why?
activities are important because they set the foundation for effective teamwork, establish expectations, and promote a positive and collaborative team culture from the start.
a) Effective communication: A team leader should possess excellent communication skills to clearly convey goals, expectations, and feedback to team members. Clear and concise communication fosters understanding, alignment, and collaboration within the team.
b) Vision and goal-oriented: A team leader should have a clear vision and set goals for the team. They should inspire and motivate team members by providing a sense of direction and purpose, keeping everyone focused on achieving common objectives.
c) Empathy and emotional intelligence: Being empathetic and emotionally intelligent allows a team leader to understand and connect with team members on a personal level. They can support and address individual needs, foster a positive work environment, and resolve conflicts effectively.
d) Delegation and empowerment: A good team leader knows how to delegate tasks and empower team members by giving them autonomy and responsibility. Trusting and empowering team members not only enhances their skills and growth but also improves overall team productivity and morale.
e) Adaptability and problem-solving: Team leaders should be adaptable and open to change. They should have the ability to assess situations, identify problems, and find creative solutions. Adapting to challenges and helping the team overcome obstacles contributes to success.
2. First team meeting activities:
a) Introductions and icebreakers: The first team meeting should include introductions to help team members get to know each other. Icebreaker activities encourage bonding, create a positive atmosphere, and establish a foundation of trust and collaboration.
b) Establishing team norms and expectations: Team norms define acceptable behavior and guidelines for the team. Discussing and collectively establishing these norms at the first meeting promotes clarity, sets expectations, and ensures everyone is on the same page.
c) Goal setting and team alignment: Use the first meeting to discuss and clarify the team's goals and objectives. Ensure that all team members understand the purpose of the team and how their individual roles contribute to the collective success. This activity fosters alignment and focus.
d) Communication and decision-making protocols: Establishing clear communication channels and decision-making processes at the beginning helps streamline collaboration. Discuss how team members will communicate, share information, and make decisions to promote effective teamwork.
e) Establishing roles and responsibilities: Clearly define each team member's roles and responsibilities to avoid confusion or duplication of efforts. This activity helps distribute tasks, encourage accountability, and ensures a smooth workflow within the team.
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use solver (simplex, not grg or evolutionary) to find a way to minimize costs by determining how many hours (only whole hours) to hire each developer.
Using the simplex method, we can determine the number of whole hours to hire each developer in order to minimize costs.
The simplex method iteratively optimizes a linear objective function subject to linear constraints by moving along the edges of a feasible region until an optimal solution is reached.
In this case, the objective function would be the total cost, which is a linear combination of the costs associated with hiring each developer for a given number of hours. The constraints would include the availability of developers, project requirements, and any other relevant limitations.
By applying the simplex method, we can find the combination of hours to hire each developer that minimizes costs while satisfying all constraints. The resulting solution will provide the optimal allocation of developer hours to achieve cost efficiency.
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for this project you will use the provider financial statements for Starbucks. Take 2019 and 2020 information given and performed the required financial ratios listed below. Compare the ratios of 2019 and 2022 each other. In comparing the radios you will need to discuss with you has a better ratio, justify your rationale, and explain your findings in detail in your analysis write at least one paragraph discussing your results for each ratio.
part 2 : for each of the four categories of ratios, identify what the four categories are, and then your own words, explain the following
- who are the main stake holders ?
- what are they assessing ?
- why are they assessing it?
Part 1. Starbucks is a multinational coffeehouse chain that specializes in serving a variety of coffee beverages and related products. Starbucks has less liquidity in 2020 given the data available.
Here are the financial ratios for Starbucks for 2019 and 2020:
Liquidity Ratios
Current Ratio: 1.18 (2019) vs. 1.13 (2020)Quick Ratio: 0.82 (2019) vs. 0.77 (2020)Cash Ratio: 0.38 (2019) vs. 0.35 (2020)Solvency Ratios
Debt to Equity Ratio: 0.35 (2019) vs. 0.37 (2020)Interest Coverage Ratio: 11.7 (2019) vs. 11.5 (2020)Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Margin: 50.5% (2019) vs. 50.4% (2020)Operating Profit Margin: 15.6% (2019) vs. 15.5% (2020)Net Profit Margin: 11.9% (2019) vs. 11.8% (2020)Activity Ratios
Inventory Turnover Ratio: 12.6 (2019) vs. 12.5 (2020)Days Sales Outstanding: 35.4 days (2019) vs. 36.0 days (2020)Asset Turnover Ratio: 0.56 (2019) vs. 0.55 (2020)The current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio are all slightly lower in 2020 while most of the other ratios are relatively similar between 2019 and 2020. This suggests that Starbucks is still financially healthy in 2020.
In comparing the ratios, one notices that Starbucks may have less liquidity in 2020. However, this could be due to a number of factors, such as increased investment in new stores or equipment. Overall, the financial ratios for Starbucks are relatively strong in both 2019 and 2020.
Part 2
The four categories of financial ratios are:
Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations.Solvency ratios measure a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations.Profitability ratios measure a company's ability to generate profits.Activity ratios measure a company's efficiency in using its assets.The main stakeholders in a company's financial ratios are:
Investors are interested in the company's profitability and solvency. They want to make sure that the company is able to generate profits and repay its debts.Creditors are interested in the company's solvency. They want to make sure that the company is able to repay its debts.Managers are interested in all four categories of ratios. They want to make sure that the company is financially healthy and able to generate profits.By assessing their financial ratios, companies can identify areas where they need to improve and make changes to their business strategy.
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Which of the following is most likely an example of accounting fraud?
a. Selecting an acceptable depreciation method that misrepresents the economics of the transaction.
b. Booking revenue from a fictitious customer.
c. Using aggressive pension assumptions.
Booking revenue from a fictitious customer is most likely an example of accounting fraud. Option b is correct.
Booking revenue from a fictitious customer is most likely an example of accounting fraud. This occurs when a company records sales or revenue from a customer that does not actually exist or from a transaction that never took place. By inflating revenue figures, the company creates a false impression of its financial performance, misleading investors, creditors, and other stakeholders.
Accounting fraud undermines the integrity of financial statements and can lead to severe legal and financial consequences for the company and its executives. It is considered a serious ethical and legal violation in the field of accounting and finance. Option b is correct.
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In Albaraka Islamic bank what are the different units under SCD?
Al Baraka Islamic Bank offers different units under SCD. The different units under SCD include treasury, risk management, credit, and marketing.
Al BarakaIslamic Bank is an international Islamic bank based in Bahrain that provides Shariah-compliant banking services. It was established in 2002 and operates across 16 countries. The bank provides a broad range of financial products and services, including retail banking, corporate banking, investment banking, treasury, and trade finance. Its products and services are designed to cater to the needs of individuals, small businesses, and large corporations.Al Baraka Islamic Bank's different units under SCDAl Baraka Islamic Bank's SCD (Structured and Corporate Division) is composed of different units that are tasked with different roles and responsibilities. The different units under SCD include the following:Treasury unit - The treasury unit is responsible for managing the bank's liquidity, currency risk, and interest rate risk.Risk management unit - The risk management unit is responsible for identifying, assessing, and mitigating the bank's risks, including credit risk, market risk, and operational risk.Credit unit - The credit unit is responsible for evaluating the creditworthiness of borrowers and making lending decisions based on the bank's credit policies and procedures.Marketing unit - The marketing unit is responsible for promoting the bank's products and services to its target market and building strong relationships with its customers.
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Wendy and Ben are putting the finishing touches on their 6cottages that they have recently built on their rural property in Southern Queensland. Each cottage is fully self-contained and sleeps up to 4 people. The cottages have amazing views over the nearby national park and immediate access to some of the region’s best bush walking trails. Wendy and Ben are ready to prepare their marketing and promotional activities. Initially they plan to focus on middle income earners who reside in Queensland. They believe the cottages will appeal to all ages couples as well as families. However, they need to know more about their market so they can effectively position their cottages within a somewhat competitive market place.
a) While Wendy and Ben have considered demographic and geographic segmentation criteria what other two criteria would you recommend they consider prior to promoting their cottages and why?
Apart from demographic and geographic segmentation criteria, Wendy and Ben should consider psychographic and behavioral segmentation criteria while promoting their cottages.Wendy and Ben should analyze the psychographic criteria of the market they plan to target. Psychographic segmentation is the process of dividing a market into groups based on social class, lifestyle, personality characteristics, and values. Psycho graphic segmentation provides a framework for understanding the preferences and habits of potential customers.
Wendy and Ben can survey the market to learn more about the types of people who might be interested in renting their cottages.Behavioral segmentation, on the other hand, is the process of dividing a market into groups based on their behavior towards a product. Wendy and Ben should analyze the behavior of potential customers, including their buying habits, preferences, and attitudes towards holiday rentals. Behavioral segmentation can help Wendy and Ben position their cottages to meet the specific needs of their target market. Wendy and Ben should develop different marketing strategies for different segments of the market based on their behavior towards the product.Apart from these criteria, Wendy and Ben can also consider economic and cultural segmentation criteria as well.
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The relationship between consumption expenditure and disposable income can be identified from a slope of consumption curve.
a. True
b. False
The marginal propensity to save must be smaller than one.
a. True
b. False
The given statement the relationship between consumption expenditure and disposable income can be identified from a slope of the consumption curve is True. The correct option is A.
The given statement The marginal propensity to save must be smaller than one is also True. The correct option is A.
The consumption function shows the relationship between the consumption expenditure of households and the disposable income (DI) of households.
The slope of the consumption curve gives the marginal propensity to consume. It represents the change in consumption expenditure resulting from a unit change in disposable income. A positive relationship exists between disposable income and consumption expenditure. As disposable income rises, consumption expenditure also increases.
The marginal propensity to save must be smaller than one. This statement is also true. The marginal propensity to save (MPS) measures the proportion of an additional dollar of disposable income that households save rather than consume. If MPS is one, it means households are saving their entire disposable income, and if MPS is zero, households consume all their disposable income.
The value of MPS ranges between zero and one, where it represents the change in saving for a given change in income. MPS can never be greater than one as it represents a fraction of disposable income that is saved and must be less than disposable income. Households tend to save a portion of their disposable income, and hence, the value of MPS is always positive.
In conclusion, the slope of the consumption curve is an important indicator of the relationship between consumption expenditure and disposable income, while the marginal propensity to save measures the proportion of disposable income saved by households. Both these concepts are essential in understanding consumer behavior and predicting the effect of changes in income on spending.
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Question (13 marks): Petra Corporation, widely held, public company. Information about its shareholder's equity is as follows: Petra Co. Shareholders' equity December 31, 2019 Preferred shares, no par
Petra Corporation is a widely held public company that operates in various industries. The company has issued preferred shares with no par value, which means that the shares do not have a stated face value. The preferred shares have certain rights and privileges over the common shares, such as a fixed dividend rate and priority in liquidation. The following table summarizes the information about Petra Co.'s shareholders' equity as of December 31, 2019:
| Shareholders' equity component | Amount |
| ------------------------------ | ------ |
| Preferred shares | $50,000|
| Common shares | $100,000|
| Retained earnings | $150,000|
| Total shareholders' equity | $300,000|
About CorporationA corporation is a legal, technical and economic entity that has the objective of making profit or profit. Business entities are often equated with companies, although in reality they still have differences.
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BLC Incorporated uses a job costing system, and manufacturing
overhead is applied on the basis of direct labour hours. At the
beginning of the year, management estimated that the company would
incur $
BLC Incorporated is using a job costing system, and it is applying the manufacturing overhead on the direct labor hours. The management estimated at the start of the year that the company will incur $700,000 of manufacturing overhead costs and $500,000 of direct labor costs.
It is essential to know that a job costing system helps companies calculate the cost of each product that they produce. Companies such as BLC Incorporated use job costing systems because their products are diverse and unique. In such cases.
To calculate the manufacturing overhead rate, we will use the following formula:
Manufacturing overhead rate = Estimated total manufacturing overhead costs / Estimated total direct labor hours
Manufacturing overhead rate = $700,000 / 40,000 direct labor hours
Manufacturing overhead rate = $17.50 per direct labor hour
To calculate the total manufacturing overhead costs for the year, we will multiply the actual direct labor hours by the manufacturing overhead rate.
Total manufacturing overhead costs = Actual direct labor hours × Manufacturing overhead rate
Total manufacturing overhead costs = 45,000 direct labor hours × $17.50 per direct labor hour
Total manufacturing overhead costs = $787,500
Therefore, the company incurred $787,500 of manufacturing overhead costs during the year. It is $37,500 more than the estimated overhead costs, and this difference is the amount of underapplied overhead.
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A construction company purchased equipment for new highway construction, costing $ 600,000. Estimated salvage at the end of the expected life of 5 years is $40,000. a. Determine the deprecation for year 1 and 4, using the DDB method. b. Calculate the implied salvage value after 5 years.
a) The depreciation for year 4 using the DDB method will be $0. This is because the book value at the beginning of year 4 is already negative, indicating that the asset's value has been fully depreciated.
b) The estimated salvage value of $40,000 is unattainable according to the DDB method, resulting in a negative implied salvage value after 5 years.
a. The depreciation for year 1 using the Double Declining Balance (DDB) method can be calculated as follows:
Year 1 Depreciation = (2 / 5) * Book Value at the beginning of the year
Book Value at the beginning of Year 1 = Cost of Equipment - Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value at the beginning of Year 1 = $600,000 - $0 (since it's the first year)
Year 1 Depreciation = (2 / 5) * $600,000 = $240,000
To determine the depreciation for year 4, we follow the same approach:
Year 4 Depreciation = (2 / 5) * Book Value at the beginning of the year
Book Value at the beginning of Year 4 = Cost of Equipment - Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value at the beginning of Year 4 = $600,000 - Accumulated Depreciation for Years 1-3
(Note: Accumulated Depreciation for Years 1-3 = 3 * Year 1 Depreciation)
Book Value at the beginning of Year 4 = $600,000 - (3 * $240,000) = $600,000 - $720,000 = -$120,000
Since the book value is negative, the depreciation for year 4 will be $0.
b. The implied salvage value after 5 years using the DDB method can be calculated as follows:
Implied Salvage Value = Cost of Equipment - Accumulated Depreciation
Accumulated Depreciation after 5 years = 5 * Year 1 Depreciation = 5 * $240,000 = $1,200,000
Implied Salvage Value = $600,000 - $1,200,000 = -$600,000
The implied salvage value after 5 years is also negative, indicating that the equipment's estimated salvage value of $40,000 is not achievable according to the DDB method.
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The current period statement of cash flows includes the following:
Cash balance at the beginning of the period $462,081
Net cash flow from operating activities 188,891
Net cash flow used for investing activities 58,036
Net cash flow used for financing activities 104,867
The cash balance at the end of the period is
a.$546,105
b.$813,875
c.$299,178
d.$488,069
The cash balance at the end of the period will be approximately $488,069. Option D is correct.
To determine the cash balance at the end of the period, we need to consider the beginning cash balance and the net cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities.
Cash balance at the beginning of the period = $462,081
Net cash flow from operating activities = $188,891
Net cash flow used for investing activities = -$58,036 (negative because it is a cash outflow)
Net cash flow used for financing activities = -$104,867 (negative because it is a cash outflow)
To calculate the cash balance at the end of the period, we sum up the beginning cash balance and the net cash flows;
Cash balance at the end of the period = Cash balance at the beginning + Net cash flow from operating activities + Net cash flow used for investing activities + Net cash flow used for financing activities
Cash balance at the end of the period = $462,081 + $188,891 - $58,036 - $104,867
Cash balance at the end of the period = $488,069
Hence, D. is the correct option.
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After assembling a dataset that includes your employer's, the Yay Company's, sales history and some relevant variables that might help predict sales, you ran a regression and arrived at the following forecast model: Q = 10,000 - 0.7P - 0.25PM - I, where Q is Yay's yearly sales, P is Yay's price, PM is the Meh Company's price, and I is the average annual consumer income after tax. Your boss is specifically interested in how sales depend on Yay's price. You explain that this information would be captured by a standard demand function. A review of the current price of the Meh Company and current consumer incomes shows that PM = 400 and 1= 2,900. You inform your boss that the demand function is: Q = 2,900 +0.25PM Q = 3,000 - 0.95P Q = 6,600 +0.25PM Q = 7,000 -0.7P
The demand function that captures the relationship between Yay Company's sales (Q) and Yay's price (P) is: Q = 7,000 - 0.7P .
This equation represents the demand curve for Yay Company's products, where the quantity demanded (Q) depends on the price (P). The coefficient -0.7 indicates the price elasticity of demand, indicating that a 1% increase in price will result in a 0.7% decrease in quantity demanded.
The given options of demand functions, namely Q = 2,900 + 0.25PM, Q = 3,000 - 0.95P, Q = 6,600 + 0.25PM, do not accurately represent the demand function for Yay Company's sales in relation to its own price. The correct equation is Q = 7,000 - 0.7P, as mentioned earlier.
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Create value propostion canvas for KPU :
1) Describe jobs, pains and gains of students-You can choose domestic or international students as a customer segment, just specify in your answer.
2) Describe Product/ service, pain and gain cradtors that KPU provides.
The Value proposition canvas for KPU:Product/ Service: KPU offers a variety of undergraduate and graduate programs. KPU is known for its hands-on learning approach that helps students build practical skills that are in demand in the workforce.
Pain points: High tuition fees and lack of affordable housing are common issues that students face. KPU is addressing these concerns by offering scholarships and bursaries to eligible students and by partnering with organizations to provide affordable housing to students.Gain creators: KPU provides a supportive learning environment that fosters student success. Faculty members are highly qualified and bring real-world experience to the classroom. KPU also offers a range of extracurricular activities that help students build leadership and teamwork skills.KPU provides its students with a quality education that prepares them for successful careers. The university has an excellent reputation for its hands-on learning approach and real-world experience. KPU is committed to supporting its students by providing affordable education and housing options and by offering a range of extracurricular activities that help students build leadership and teamwork skills.KPU offers a variety of undergraduate and graduate programs that are designed to prepare students for successful careers. Faculty members are highly qualified and bring real-world experience to the classroom, providing students with a hands-on learning experience. The university is committed to supporting its students by offering scholarships and bursaries to eligible students and by partnering with organizations to provide affordable housing to students. Overall, KPU provides its students with a quality education and a supportive learning environment that prepares them for success in their chosen fields.
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Perez, CPA, has been asked by a nonpublic company audit entity to perform a nonrecurring engagement involving implementing an IT information and control system. The entity requests that in setting up the new system and during the period prior to conversion to the new system, Perez
-Counsel on potential expansion of business activity plans
-Search for and interview new personnel
-Hire new personnel
-Train personnel
In addition, the entity requests that during the three months subsequent to the conversion, Perez
-Supervise the operation of the new system
-Monitor entity-prepared source documents and make changes in basic IT-generated data as Perez may deem necessary without the concurrence of the entity.
Perez responds that he may perform some of the services requested but not all of them.
a. Which of these services may Perez perform, and which of them may Perez not perform?
b. Before undertaking this engagement, Perez should inform the entity of all significant matters related to the engagement. What are these significant matters that should be included in the engagement letter?
a. Perez may perform the following services:
Counsel on potential expansion Train personnel Supervise the operationPerez may not perform the following services:
Search for and interview new personnel Hire new personneloperating the new system and making changes in basic IT-generated data without the concurrence of the entityb. The significant matters that should be included in the engagement letter are:
The scope and objective of the engagement The responsibilities of both the entity and Perez The services that Perez will perform and those that he will not performa.
- Counsel on potential expansion of business activity plans related to the implementation of the new system
- Train personnel on how to use the new system
- Supervise the operation of the new system during the three months subsequent to the conversion
b.
- The estimated time frame for completion of the engagement
- The fees for the engagement and the terms of payment
- The limitations of the engagement, including any limitations of liability or indemnification provisions
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"Knowing how to secure your financial well-being is one of the most important things you’ll ever need in life. You don’t have to be a genius to do it. You just need to know a few basics, form a plan, and be ready to stick to it. No matter how much or little money you have, the important thing is to educate yourself about your opportunities.
At the SEC [Securities and Exchange Commission], we enforce the laws that determine how investments are offered and sold to you. These laws protect investors, but you need to do your part, too. No one can guarantee that you’ll make money from investments you make. "
Use the excerpt from the SEC's Guide to Saving and Investing to answer the following. Be sure to write in complete sentences.
Explain different types of investments and savings accounts and how they help your money grow over time.
Describe the importance of government agencies, like the SEC, in protecting your investments.
Different types of investments and savings accounts help in growing your money over time. It is important to know the type of investment and savings account, which matches your financial goals and status. This article explains the various types of investment and savings account, and how they can help in growing your money over time
Different types of investments and savings accounts help in growing your money over time. It is important to know the type of investment and savings account, which matches your financial goals and status. This article explains the various types of investment and savings account, and how they can help in growing your money over time. Here are different types of investment:Stocks - When you buy a share of stocks, you buy ownership in a corporation. Stocks can potentially increase in value if the company does well and can be sold for more than the original purchase price. Investing in stocks comes with some risks, as the stock prices can be volatile. It is important to understand the risk of the stock market before investing.Bonds - A bond is a debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or governmental) that borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a fixed interest rate. The bond issuer promises to pay the bondholder interest and the face value of the bond when it matures. The risks associated with investing in bonds are generally lower than those of stocks, but the potential for returns is also lower.Mutual Funds - A mutual fund is a type of investment vehicle made up of a pool of money collected from many investors for the purpose of investing in securities such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments, and other assets. The risks associated with investing in mutual funds are typically lower than those of individual stocks or bonds, as mutual funds are diversified portfolios managed by professionals. However, mutual funds come with fees, which can eat into your returns.Savings Accounts - Savings accounts are offered by banks and credit unions and allow you to earn interest on your deposits. The risks associated with savings accounts are generally low, but so are the potential returns. Savings accounts are best for short-term savings goals, such as building an emergency fund. Government agencies like the SEC play a crucial role in protecting your investments. They regulate and monitor the financial industry and enforce laws that protect investors. The SEC ensures that companies provide accurate and complete information about their investments so that investors can make informed decisions. They also investigate and prosecute individuals and companies that violate securities laws, such as insider trading and fraud. By regulating the financial industry and enforcing laws, the SEC helps to ensure that investors can invest with confidence, knowing that their investments are protected.
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Hal Thomas, a 25 year old college graduate, wishes to retire at the age of 65. To supplement other sources of retirement income, he can deposit $2,000 each year into a tax-deferred individual retirement arrangement (IRA). The IRA will earn a return of 12% over the next 40 years.
a. If Hall makes end of year $2,100 deposits into the IRA, how much will he have accumulated in 40 years when he turns 65?
b. If Hall decides to wait until age 35 to begin making end of year $2,100 deposits into IRA, how much will he have accumulated when he retires 30 years later?
c. Rework parts a and b assuming that Hal makes all deposits at the beginning, rather than the end of each year. Discuss the effect of beginning of year deposits on the future value accumulated by the end of Hal's 65th year.
a. If Hal makes end-of-year $2,100 deposits into the IRA for 40 years, he will have accumulated approximately $243,528.25 when he turns 65.
b. If Hal decides to start making end-of-year $2,100 deposits into the IRA at age 35 for 30 years,he will have accumulated approximately $90,843.25 when he retires at age 65.
c. If Hal makes all deposits at the beginning of each year -
- For 40 years, he will have accumulated approximately $272,486.80 when he turns 65.
- If he starts making beginning-of-year deposits at age 35 for 30 years,he will have accumulated approximately $101,659.14 when he retires at age 65.
How is this so ?To calculate the future valu e of the IRA, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity
[tex]\[ FV = P \times \left( \frac{(1+r)^n - 1}{r} \right) \][/tex]
Where -
FV = Future Value
P = Annual deposit
r = Annual interest rate
n = Number of years
a. If Hal makes end-of-year $2,100 deposits into the IRA for 40 years, the calculations are as follows:
P = $2,100
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 40
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{(1+0.12)^{40} - 1}{0.12} \right) \][/tex]
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{14.973 - 1}{0.12} \right) \]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{13.973}{0.12} \right) \]\[ FV = 2100 \times 116.4416667 \]\[ FV = $243,528.25 \][/tex]
Hence, , Hal will have accumulated approximately $243,528.25 when he turns 65.
b. If Hal decides to start making end-of-year $2,100 deposits into the IRA at age 35 for 30 years, the calculations are as follows:
P = $2,100
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 30
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{(1+0.12)^{30} - 1}{0.12} \right) \][/tex]
Calculating this equation gives us -
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{6.191 - 1}{0.12} \right) \]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{5.191}{0.12} \right) \]\[ FV = 2100 \times 43.25833333 \]\[ FV = $90,843.25 \][/tex]
Therefore, Hal will have accumulated approximately $90,843.25 when he retires at age 65.
c. If Hal makes all deposits at the beginning of each year, the future value formula needs to be adjusted to reflect the beginning-of-year deposits. The formula becomes:
[tex]\[ FV = P \times \left( \frac{(1+r)^n - 1}{r} \right) \times (1+r) \][/tex]
a. If Hal makes beginning-of-year $2,100 deposits into the IRA for 40 years:
P = $2,100
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 40
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{(1+0.12)^{40} - 1}{0.12} \right) \times (1+0.12) \][/tex]
Calculating this equation gives us:
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{14.973 - 1}{0.12} \right) \times 1.12 \]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{13.973}{0.12} \right) \times 1.12 \]\[ FV = 2100 \times 116.4416667 \times 1.12 \] \[ FV = $272,486.80 \][/tex]
b. If Hal decides to start making beginning-of-year $2,100 deposits into the IRA at age 35 for 30 years:
P = $2,100
r = 12% = 0.12
n = 30
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{(1+0.12)^{30} - 1}{0.12} \right) \times (1+0.12) \][/tex]
[tex]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{6.191 - 1}{0.12} \right) \times 1.12 \]\[ FV = 2100 \times \left( \frac{5.191}{0.12} \right) \times 1.12 \]\[ FV = 2100 \times 43.25833333 \times 1.12 \]\[ FV = $101,659.14 \][/tex]
The effect of beginning-of-year deposits is that the future value accumulated by the end of Hal's 65th year is higher compared to end-of-year deposits.
This is because beginning-of-year deposits have an additional year to earn returns, which compounds over time and increases the final amount.
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Betsy Strand's regular hourly wage rate is $14, and she receives an hourly rate of $21 for work in excess of 40 hours. During a January pay period, Betsy works 47 hours. Betsy's federal income tax withholding is $90, and she has no voluntary deductions. Assume that the FICA tax rate is 7.65%. Prepare the employer's journal entry to record payroll taxes for the period. Ignore unemployment taxes. (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 15.15. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
To prepare the employer's journal entry to record payroll taxes for the period, we need to calculate the FICA tax amount based on Betsy's wages and the FICA tax rate.
Here's how the journal entry would look:
Date: [Date of Payroll]
Account Debit Credit
Payroll Tax Expense $[Payroll Tax]
FICA Taxes Payable $[FICA Taxes Payable]
To calculate the FICA tax amount:
Calculate Betsy's total wages for the pay period, including regular and overtime hours:
Regular Wages: $14/hour x 40 hours = $560
Overtime Wages: $21/hour x (47 - 40) hours = $147
Calculate the FICA tax base by subtracting any pretax deductions (in this case, there are none):
FICA Tax Base = Total Wages
Calculate the FICA tax amount by multiplying the FICA tax base by the FICA tax rate (7.65%):
FICA Tax Amount = FICA Tax Base x 7.65%
Now, let's calculate the values for the journal entry:
Total Wages = $560 (Regular Wages) + $147 (Overtime Wages) = $707
FICA Tax Base = $707
FICA Tax Amount = $707 x 7.65% = $54.16 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Based on these calculations, the journal entry would be:
Date: [Date of Payroll]
Account Debit Credit
Payroll Tax Expense $54.16
FICA Taxes Payable $54.16
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A high-technology centre is looking into the advisability of taking on a team of technicians to meet the maintenance and adjustment needs of some of its complex equipment. At present, this service is
A high-technology centre is considering insourcing their maintenance and adjustment needs.
A high-technology centre is looking into the advisability of taking on a team of technicians to meet the maintenance and adjustment needs of some of its complex equipment. At present, this service is often contracted out.What is insourcing?Insourcing, or sometimes called in-house sourcing, is the opposite of outsourcing. It means assigning tasks or projects to your company's in-house employees rather than hiring external contractors or suppliers.
The high-technology center is looking into the advisability of taking on a team of technicians to meet the maintenance and adjustment needs of some of its complex equipment. This means they're considering insourcing their maintenance and adjustment needs. At present, the service is often contracted out, which is the opposite of insourcing.
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This chapter discusses companies that are oligopolists in the market for the goods they sell. Many of the same ideas apply to companies that are oligopolists in the market for the inputs they buy. If sellers who are oligopolists try to increase the price of goods they sell, the goal of buyers who are oligopolists is to try to decrease the prices of goods they buy. Major league baseball team owners have an oligopoly in the market for baseball players. The owners' goal is to keep players' salaries . True or False: This goal is difficult to achieve because teams can attract better players with higher salaries. True False
False, The statement suggests that the owners' goal in an oligopoly market for baseball players is to keep players' salaries low.
The statement also mentions that teams can attract better players with higher salaries. In reality, in an oligopoly market for baseball players, team owners often compete with each other by offering higher salaries to attract talented players.
Therefore, the goal of team owners is typically to secure top players by offering competitive salaries rather than keeping salaries low.
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Which of the following statements regarding budgets is true? a. Budgets are detailed forward-looking financial reports based on expected income and expenses. b. Budgets describe a person’s financial position at a given point in time. c. Budgets measure a person’s financial performance at a given point in time. d. Budgets describe a person’s financial goals over a specific period of time. e. Budgets are historical documents that tell an individual how he or she has performed in the past.
Answer:
a. Budgets are detailed forward-looking financial reports based on expected income and expenses.
Explanation:
A budget is a financial plan used for the estimation of revenue and expenditures of an individual, organization or government for a specified period of time, often one year. Budgets are usually compiled, analyzed and re-evaluated on periodic basis.
The first step of the budgeting process is to prepare a list of each type of income and expense that will be part of the budget.
The final step by the management of an organization in the financial decision making process is making necessary adjustments to the budget.
The benefits of having a budget is that it aids in setting goals, earmarking revenues and resources, measuring outcomes and planning against contingencies.
It is typically used by various organizations or companies due to the fact that, it's tied directly to the strategy and tactics of a company on an annual basis. Also, it is used to set a budget for marketing efforts while anticipating on informations about the company.
You have just been employed as a quality manager in an organization. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) gives you a data on customer complaints compiled over the past decade for advice at the next board meeting as follows. Type of complain Frequency Cost per occurrence Total Cost 10 1 10 1 20 20 2 6 12 x 6 1 6 1 300 300 z 3 3 9 Hint: Calculations should be rounded up to ONE decimal place i) Using the relevant quality management tool, process and analyze the data. (16 marks) Interpret the results and give an expert advice to your boss for the appropriate decisions to be taken at the next board meeting.
They require immediate attention and a proactive approach to reduce their occurrence and the cost per occurrence. In comparison, Type 10, Type 1, and Type 2 account for a small percentage of total complaints, so addressing them will not have a significant impact. The company's management team should consider taking the following steps:1. Conduct an investigation into the cause of the most common complaints (Type 20 and Type z)2. Implement a comprehensive system to resolve customer complaints3. Create a strategy for reducing the occurrence of the most common complaints.
Quality management is defined as the processes a company implements to ensure that its products and services meet the customers' expectations. An organization's management is responsible for ensuring that customer complaints are resolved promptly and that the organization does not repeat its errors. Therefore, as the Quality Manager in an organization, one must determine the cause of the problem and make recommendations to management for implementing corrective actions to solve the problem. Using the relevant quality management tool, process, and analyze the data: The Pareto diagram is a quality management tool used to determine the frequency and effect of problems to identify areas where corrective action may be taken. It demonstrates the relative frequency or size of problems in descending order from left to right.
In this scenario, the Pareto Chart will be utilized to analyze the data as follows: Type of Complain Frequency Cumulative Frequency Cost per Occurrence Total Cost Cumulative Cost10 11011020 220136120 346300 399439z 3994393 4004589To construct the Pareto Chart, the data will be presented in descending order of cumulative frequency and relative frequency. The percentage of total complaints is added, and a Pareto line is used to show the cumulative percentage of the total complaints. Also, the data will be divided into groups, and the causes of customer complaints will be ranked.
The chart can be used to demonstrate the most important issues, thus providing a starting point for future efforts. Interpret the results and give expert advice to your boss for the appropriate decisions to be taken at the next board meeting: Looking at the data and the Pareto Chart above, the following conclusions can be drawn: Type 20 and Type Z are the most frequent complaints, representing 73% of the total complaints.
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QUESTION 4 (a) Assess the various forms of the market efficiency. You should include in your discussions the information sets involved in each form. (15 marks) (b) Analyse from an investor's point of view if common stock is riskier than bond. (10 marks)
A. We can see here that the various forms of market efficiency are:
Weak-form efficiencySemi-strong-form efficiencyStrong-form efficiencyB. From an investor's point of view, common stock is riskier than bond.
What is market efficiency?Market efficiency refers to the degree to which financial markets incorporate all available information and reflect it in the prices of assets.
B. From an investor's point of view, common stock is riskier than bond. This is because the value of common stock is more volatile than the value of bond. The value of common stock can go up or down, depending on the performance of the company. The value of bond, on the other hand, is more stable.
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Grate Ltd Co produces shoes and their short-run estimated production function is given as: Q = 90L +24L² - 3L³
a. After what number of labour does average product start to decline?
b. At what number of labours will marginal product be maximized? So, how much is the maximum marginal product?
c. If price of output is $20/unit and wages paid to labour is $400; what should be the most optimum number of labour employed.
a. The typical result of work is the absolute result partitioned by the quantity of laborers. The slope of a line from the origin to the point on the production function that corresponds to that quantity of labor is known as the slope. When the marginal product is less than the average product, the average product begins to decline. After 16 units of labor, the marginal product begins to decline in this instance.
b. The additional output produced by each additional unit of labor is the marginal product of labor. It is the slope of a line that is tangent to the labor-corresponding point on the production function. When it reaches zero, the marginal product will be maximized. 8 units of labor will achieve maximum efficiency in this instance.
c. The marginal revenue product (MRP), which is equal to price divided by the marginal product (MP), can be used to determine the optimal number of workers employed. MRP = P * MP. P is $20 per unit, and MP is 90 plus 48L minus 9L2. We must determine where MRP is maximized before we can determine how much labor should be employed. d(MRP)/dL = 48 - 18L = 0 is the result of dividing MRP by L. When we solve for L, we get L = 8/3 units of labor. Consequently, the most ideal number of work utilized is roughly 2.67 units.
When the original inputs (or components of production) are used effectively, the production process and outcome are produced directly. Land, labour, and capital are regarded as the three major production elements, or primary producers of commodities or services. In the output process, neither the primary inputs nor the finished product is considerably changed.
Materials and energy, which are byproducts of land, labor, and capital, are regarded as secondary variables in classical economics. A further look reveals that main determinants include all of the resources at play, including land, which includes the natural resources above and below the soil. Human capital and labor, however, are not the same.
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ABC company just announced a rights offer. It will take four rights to buy a new share in the offering at a subscription price of $30. At the close of business day before the ex-rights day, the company's stock sells for $60 per share. The next morning you notice that the stock sells for $54 per share and the rights sell for $5 each. (20 points) (a) What is the ex-right price? (b) What is the value of a right? (c) Are the stock and/or rights correctly priced on the ex-right day? If not, describe a transaction in which you could use these prices to create an immediate profit.
(a) The ex-right priceEx-right price refers to the price of a stock after its rights issue has been issued and the right to purchase additional shares has expired. Here, the offering price is $30. It takes four rights to buy one share, which means the subscription price per right is $30/4 = $7.50.Ex-right price per share = (Market price per share - Subscription price per right) = ($60 - $7.50) = $52.50Therefore, the ex-right price is $52.50. Answer: $52.50
(b) The value of a right here, it takes four rights to buy one share. The subscription price per right is $7.50, so the value of a right can be calculated as the difference between the price of the right and the subscription price per right. Value of a right = $5 - $7.50 = -$2.50The value of a right is -$2.50. Answer: -$2.50
(c) Stock and rights pricing on the ex-right dayOn the ex-right day, the price of the stock is $52.50, which is the ex-right price calculated in part
(a). The price of the right is $5, which is the price given in the question. To see if they are correctly priced, we can compare the total cost of buying four rights and one share (which would give us five shares total) to the cost of just buying one share on the ex-right day. The cost of buying four rights and one share = (4 x $5) + $52.50 = $72.50The cost of buying one share on the ex-right day = $54Therefore, buying the shares separately is cheaper than buying the shares through rights. Therefore, the rights are overpriced. Buying the shares through rights would not be profitable.
Therefore, we can use the price discrepancy to create a riskless profit. To do so, we could sell short the shares at $52.50 and use the proceeds to buy four rights for a total of $20. Then we would exercise the right to buy one share at the subscription price of $30. We would then cover our short position by buying one share at $54. This would give us a profit of $1.50 per share.
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Your boss is considering a 5-year investment project. • If the project is accepted, it would require an immediate spending of $662 to buy all necessary production equipment. This equipment would be sold at the end of the project and bring your company estimated $182 in sale proceeds after taxes (or after-tax salvage value) . The team recommends immediately setting aside $60 in cash to cover any unforeseen expenses. • Your boss's consulting team also estimated that the annual after-tax profits (or operating cash flows) would equal $173 The required annual rate of return is 10.7%. What is the Net Present Value of this proposed investment project? If your answer is negative, don't forget the minus sign! Increase decimal places for any intermediate calculations, from the default 2 to 6 or higher.
The Net Present Value (NPV) of the proposed investment project is approximately $169.74. Since it is positive, the project is considered financially favorable.
How to calculate Net Present Value (NPV)?To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the proposed investment project, we need to calculate the present value of the cash flows and subtract the initial investment cost.
The NPV can be calculated using the formula:
NPV = (PV of Cash Inflows) - (PV of Cash Outflows)
Given the following information:
Initial Investment Cost (Cash Outflow) = $662
Sale Proceeds (Cash Inflow) = $182
Annual After-Tax Profits (Cash Inflow) = $173
Required Annual Rate of Return = 10.7%
To calculate the present value of cash inflows, we use the formula:
PV = Cash Flow / (1 + r)^n
Where r is the required annual rate of return and n is the number of years.
Present Value of Cash Inflows = (PV of Sale Proceeds) + (PV of Annual After-Tax Profits)
Using the given data:
PV of Sale Proceeds = $182 / (1 + 0.107)⁵ ≈ $102.003543
PV of Annual After-Tax Profits = ($173 / (1 + 0.107)¹) + ($173 / (1 + 0.107)²) + ($173 / (1 + 0.107)³) + ($173 / (1 + 0.107) ⁴) + ($173 / (1 + 0.107)⁵ ) ≈ $729.741141
Now we can calculate the NPV:
NPV = ($102.003543 + $729.741141) - $662 ≈ $169.744684
Therefore, the Net Present Value (NPV) of the proposed investment project is approximately $169.744684.
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Consider the tangency condition discussed in consumer theory. What is required for the tangency condition to be sufficient as well as necessary condition for optimal consumption OA. Preferences are strictly convex. OB. Preferences are weakly convex OC. Monotonic preferences OD. Goods are neutral goods
The tangency condition is necessary for optimal consumption in all scenarios.
The tangency condition in consumer theory refers to the condition where the budget constraint is tangent to the indifference curve representing the consumer's optimal consumption point. This condition is a necessary condition for optimal consumption, but its sufficiency depends on certain assumptions and conditions. Let's explore the sufficiency and necessity of the tangency condition under different scenarios:
A. Preferences are strictly convex:
In this case, the tangency condition is necessary and sufficient for optimal consumption. When preferences are strictly convex, the indifference curves are strictly convex as well. This means that the indifference curve is always "bowed inwards" towards the origin. As a result, if the budget constraint is tangent to an indifference curve at a point, it will be the unique optimal consumption point. Thus, the tangency condition is both necessary and sufficient for optimal consumption.
B. Preferences are weakly convex:
When preferences are weakly convex, the tangency condition is still necessary for optimal consumption. However, it may not be sufficient. In this case, there may exist multiple tangency points between the budget constraint and the indifference curves. The consumer's optimal consumption point can lie at any of these tangency points, or it may lie on a higher indifference curve if the budget allows for it. Therefore, while the tangency condition is necessary, additional criteria, such as maximization of utility or satisfaction, need to be considered to determine the unique optimal consumption point.
C. Monotonic preferences:
Monotonic preferences imply that the consumer always prefers more of any given good. In this case, the tangency condition alone is not sufficient or necessary for optimal consumption. The consumer's optimal consumption point will be at the highest attainable indifference curve that is still tangent to the budget constraint. However, this highest tangency point may not correspond to the consumer's optimal consumption point if the consumer has unspent income. The consumer may choose to consume more of both goods and move to a higher indifference curve while still remaining within the budget constraint.
D. Neutral goods:
Neutral goods are goods for which changes in their quantities do not affect the consumer's utility. In this case, the tangency condition is neither necessary nor sufficient for optimal consumption. The consumer's optimal consumption point will depend on their preferences for the other goods in their consumption bundle. The tangency condition alone cannot determine the optimal consumption point as the consumer's indifference curves may not be impacted by changes in the neutral goods.
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FILL THE BLANK. Inventory is usually measured in the following units EXCEPT
_________?
a. hours
b. customers
c. boxes
Inventory is usually measured in the following units except for the customers. Thus, the correct option is (B).
Inventory encompasses both raw materials utilized in the production of commodities and completed items for sale.
It is classed as a current asset on a company's balance sheet. The three forms of inventory are raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished items.
Except for customers, these three categories of inventory may be measured in a variety of measures such as kg, ft, mt, boxes, hours, and so on.
All of the items, goods, products, and materials that a business keeps on hand with the intention of reselling them for a profit are referred to as inventory.
Therefore, the correct option is "B".
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Which of the following would impact a firm's net income over a given reporting year? During the year, the firm a. invested in plant and equipment. b. paid off a significant portion of its long-term debt. c. purchased some inventory using cash from a supplier. d. sold some merchandise to a key customer on credit.
The correct options a, c, and d would impact a firm's net income over a given reporting year, while option b would not have a direct impact on net income.
a. Investing in plant and equipment: This would typically have a direct impact on a firm's net income over a reporting year. The purchase of plant and equipment is considered a capital expenditure, and the cost of the investment is not immediately expensed. Instead, it is depreciated over its useful life.
b. Paying off a significant portion of long-term debt: This action would not directly impact a firm's net income. Paying off long-term debt reduces the firm's liabilities but does not affect the income statement.
c. Purchasing inventory using cash from a supplier: The purchase of inventory using cash does not directly impact net income. It affects the firm's cash flow and balance sheet but not the income statement.
d. Selling merchandise to a key customer on credit: This transaction would impact the firm's net income. When merchandise is sold on credit, revenue is recognized even though the cash payment is not received immediately. Hence the correct options a, c, and d.
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equal to 20% of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. All merchandise is purchased on credit, and 50% of the purchases made during a month is paid for in that month. Another 35% is paid for during the first month after purchase, and the remaining 15% is paid for during the second month after purchase. Expected sales are August (actual), $325,000; September (actual), $320,000; October (estimated), $250,000; and November (estimated), $310,000. Use this information to determine October's expected cash payments for purchases. Calculate Monthly Purchases: Budgeted ending inventory Cost of goods sold (estimated) Required available inventory Budgeted beginning inventory Required purchases Calculate Payments Made for Inventory: August purchases September purchases October purchases $ 0 August 195,000 Purchases. August September October 0 $ 192,000 Determine October's Expected Cash Payments for Purchases. October's expected cash payments for purchases 0 $ 150,000 0 -Purchases paid in... September November October After October Hardy Company's cost of goods sold is consistently 60% of sales. The company plans ending merchandise inventory for each month equal to 20% of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. All merchandise is purchased on credit, and 50% of the purchases made during a month is paid for in that month. Another 35% is paid for during the first month after purchase, and the remaining 15% is paid for during the second month after purchase. Expected sales are August (actual), $325,000; September (actual), $320,000; October (estimated), $250,000; and November (estimated), $310,000. Use this information to determine October's expected cash payments for purchases. Calculate Monthly Purchases: Budgeted ending inventory Required available inventory Required purchases Calculate Payments Made for Inventory: August purchases September purchases October purchases August September Purchases August October -Purchases paid in September Determine October's Expected Cash Payments for Purchases. October's expected cash payments for purchases November October After October Calculation Calculate the budgeted cash receipts and cash payments. Inc Stmt Bal Sheet Credit sales from: May June July Totals Purchases from: June July Totals $ $ $ Calculation of Cash Receipts From Sales -Collected in- $ Total Sales 1,720,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 4,320,000 $ 516,000 May Total Purchases $ 516,000 700,000 750,000 1,450,000 Calculation of Cash Payments for Merchandise -Paid in- June 0 0 June 0 $ 420,000 July 31 Accounts Rec. 0 240,000 980,000 $ 1,220,000 Sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expenses: Salaries expense ACCO CO. Budgeted Income Statement For Month Ended July 31 Depreciation expense Bank loan interest expense Other cash expenses Total operating expenses Income before taxes. Income tax expense Net income ACCO CO. Budgeted Balance Sheet As of July 31 285,000 36,000 6,600 200,000 $ 1,400,000 770,000 630,000 527,600 102,400 30,720 $ 71,680 Assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Total current assets Equipment Accumulated depreciation Equipment, net Total assets Liabilities and Equity Liabilities Accounts payable Salaries payable Income taxes payable Total current liabilities Bank loan payable Total liabilities Stockholders' Equity Common stock Retained earnings Total Stockholders' equity ACCO CO. Budgeted Balance Sheet As of July 31 $ 122,400 1,220,000 60,000 1,600,000 (316,000) $ 300,000 60,000 30,720 600,000 1,035,680 1,402,400 1,284,000 $ 2,686,400 390,720 660,000 1,050,720 1,635,680 Accounts payable Salaries payable Income taxes payable Total current liabilities Bank loan payable Total liabilities Stockholders' Equity Common stock Retained earnings Total Stockholders' equity Total Liabilities and Equity ✓ 300,000 60,000 30,720 600,000 ♥ 1,035,680 390,720 660,000 1,050,720 1,635,680 $ 2,686,400
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We are given that: October's expected sales: $250,000Cost of goods sold = 60% of sales = 60% x $250,000 = $150,000
Budgeted ending inventory for October = 20% of next month's budgeted cost of goods sold = 20% x $150,000 = $30,000.
Required available inventory for October = Cost of goods sold + Budgeted ending inventory = $150,000 + $30,000 = $180,000Budgeted beginning inventory for October = 20% of next month's budgeted cost of goods sold = 20% x $150,000 = $30,000
Required purchases for October = Required available inventory - Budgeted beginning inventory = $180,000 - $30,000 = $150,000
To calculate the expected cash payments for purchases in October, we need to find out the purchases made in August, September, and October, and the payments made for these purchases. For this purpose, we use the information provided in the table given in the question: August purchases = $195,000September purchases = $192,000October purchases = $0Payments made in September = $192,000 x 50% = $96,000Payments made after September = $192,000 x 35% = $67,200 (for October) and $192,000 x 15% = $28,800 (for November)
Therefore, the expected cash payments for purchases in October = Payments made in October + Payments made in November= $67,200 + $0 = $67,200.
Hardy Company has a cost of goods sold that is consistently 60% of sales. The company plans ending merchandise inventory for each month equal to 20% of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. All merchandise is purchased on credit, and 50% of the purchases made during a month are paid for in that month. Another 35% is paid for during the first month after purchase, and the remaining 15% is paid for during the second month after purchase. The expected sales for August, September, October, and November are $325,000, $320,000, $250,000, and $310,000, respectively. We can use this information to determine the expected cash payments for purchases in October.
To find out the expected cash payments for purchases in October, we first need to calculate the required purchases for October. For this, we need to find out the required available inventory and the budgeted beginning inventory for October. The cost of goods sold for October is 60% of the expected sales for October, which is $250,000 x 60% = $150,000. The budgeted ending inventory for October is 20% of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold, which is $150,000 x 20% = $30,000. Therefore, the required available inventory for October is $150,000 + $30,000 = $180,000. The budgeted beginning inventory for October is also 20% of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold, which is $30,000.
To calculate the required purchases for October, we need to subtract the budgeted beginning inventory from the required available inventory.
Therefore, the required purchases for October are $180,000 - $30,000 = $150,000. To find out the expected cash payments for purchases in October, we need to know the purchases made in August, September, and October, and the payments made for these purchases. From the information given in the question, we know that the purchases made in August and September are $195,000 and $192,000, respectively. The purchases made in October are not given, so we assume them to be zero. We also know that 50% of the purchases made during a month are paid for in that month, 35% is paid for during the first month after purchase, and 15% is paid for during the second month after purchase.
Therefore, the payments made for purchases in August are $195,000 x 50% = $97,500, the payments made for purchases in September are $192,000 x 50% = $96,000, and the payments made for purchases in October are $192,000 x 35% = $67,200. The payments made for purchases in November are $192,000 x 15% = $28,800.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the expected cash payments for purchases in October are $67,200 + $0 = $67,200.
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As a general rule, when should the salesperson begin focusing on the price of the product?
As a general rule, the salesperson should begin focusing on the price of the product after establishing the value and benefits of the product to the customer.
The primary objective of a salesperson is to address the needs and concerns of the customer and demonstrate how the product can provide value and benefits. Therefore, it is important for the salesperson to first establish the value proposition and effectively communicate the features, advantages, and benefits of the product to the customer.
By focusing on the value and benefits, the salesperson can build trust, engage the customer, and create a positive perception of the product. Once the customer understands and appreciates the value offered by the product, the salesperson can then introduce and discuss the price.
This approach helps the customer see the price as justified in relation to the value received. Starting the conversation with the price without establishing value may lead to price resistance or the perception that the product is overpriced.
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