Lymphatic cells are an essential part of the body’s immune system. Each type of lymphatic cell has a unique function, from detecting and destroying foreign invaders to forming the blood-thymus barrier.
The first type of lymphatic cell is the Natural Killer (NK) cell. NK cells are a type of white blood cell that is able to detect and destroy cells that are infected with viruses or otherwise damaged. NK cells are particularly important when it comes to preventing the body from rejecting a kidney transplant, as they can detect and destroy cells that the body would otherwise reject.
The second type of lymphatic cell is the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC). APCs are cells that are able to detect and present antigens to the body. They are able to detect foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and present them to other immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, which can then mount an immune response.
The third type of lymphatic cell is the T cell. T cells are able to recognize and bind to antigens that have been presented to them by APCs. They can then alert the body of the presence of foreign invaders, and initiate an immune response to destroy them.
The fourth type of lymphatic cell is the B cell. B cells are able to ingest and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders. They can also secrete antibodies, which can help to neutralize the invaders and prevent them from causing further harm.
The fifth type of lymphatic cell is the thymus-derived lymphocyte. Thymus-derived lymphocytes form the blood-thymus barrier, which helps to protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders. They are able to detect and recognize foreign invaders, and alert the body of their presence.
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A B cell is first stimulated by ______.free antigenantigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an infected cellantigen presented on an MHC class II molecule of an APCantigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an APC
Antigen presented on a MHC class II molecule. The antigen is delivered by the B-cell antigen receptor to intracellular locations, where it is broken down.
Sent back to the surface of the B-cell as peptides attached to MHC class II molecules. Armed helper T cells that are specific for an antigen can recognise the peptide: MHC class II complex, inducing them to produce proteins that cause the B cell to multiply and its offspring to develop into cells that secrete antibodies. In the absence of assistance from T cells, some microbial antigens can directly activate B cells. Many significant bacterial infections can be quickly responded to thanks to the B lymphocytes capacity to react directly to these antigens. However, the interaction of antigen-stimulated B cells with helper T cells and other cells is necessary for somatic hypermutation and switching to specific immunoglobulin isotypes.
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What is the mRNA codon for TTT?
The mRNA codon for TTT is bldA gene.
Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locales on chromosomes in the nexus of cells. The bldA gene encodes a Leu- tRNAUUA patch that's needed to express rare TTA codons, garbling Leu, which are known to be concentrated in genes garbling biosynthetic and nonsupervisory proteins.
Phenylalanine (TTT) can beget intellectual disabilities, brain damage, seizures and other problems in people with PKU. Phenylalanine occurs naturally in numerous protein-rich foods, similar as milk, eggs and meat. Phenylalanine is also vended as a salutary supplement.
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What is not an environmental factor that influences genetic variation
Answer: Environmental factors can influence natural selection because they can increase or decrease
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Answer:
Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents influence genetic variation, so I would say that something like natural disasters would not influence genetic variation.
Explanation:
PLEASE MARK AS BRAINLIEST!!!Some conservation biologists focus on areas where the greatest number of unique species can be protected with the least amount of effort. These areas are called...wildlife corridorshabitat fragmentsbiodiversity hotspotsconservation concessions
Biodiversity Hotspots
What did Mendel conclude about how traits are inherited in pea plants?
Gregor Mendel has been observed that pea plant traits did not blend in with their offspring. This would led him to figure that living items do not merge their offspring.
What do you mean by offspring?The term offspring has been refers to the young innovation of the living beings. That particular organism has been assembled either by an individual organism or, in the topic of physiological property, reproduction between the two organisms.
The main reason for this is that the offspring of the living creature will have one parent trait or the other parent trait, but they do not blend or mix together, such as when two plants are tall and the other is short; the children will be tall or short, but not medium size.
Therefore, Gregor Mendel has been observed that pea plant traits did not blend in with their offspring. This would led him to figure that living items do not merge their offspring.
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When adenine base pairs with thymine hydrogen bonds form and when cytosine base pairs with guanine hydrogen bonds form?
Adenine and Thymine invariably base pair with Cytosine and Guanine in DNA. These pairings take place because of the geometry of the bases, which only permits hydrogen bonds to form between certain pairs. While cytosine and guanine will make three hydrogen bonds, adenine and thymine will only form two.
Only in DNA may adenine and thymine be paired as bases. The two nitrogenous bases are joined by two hydrogen bonds. One of the hydrogen bonds is created between the oxygen atom of the keto group at C-4 of thymine and one of the amino group's hydrogen atoms at C-6 of adenine.
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What are the 2 main processes that occur during meiosis that explain why there is so much diversity between individuals of the same family and within the same species?
Genetic recombination via Crossing over and independent assortment of gametes are the 2 main processes that occur during meiosis that explain why there is so much diversity between individuals of the same family and within the same species.
The physical breakage, exchange, and rejoining of two DNA molecules is known as genetic recombination. In bacteria, several different pathways can mediate homologous or general recombination. RecA protein is required for each of these pathways to align the DNA molecules between regions of significant DNA sequence identity.
Crossing over is a cellular process that occurs when identical chromosomes line up during meiosis. Parts of the chromosome can be switched when two chromosomes — one from each parent — line up. The same genes may exist on both chromosomes, but in different forms.
Alleles from two (or more) different genes are sorted into gametes independently of one another, according to Mendel's law of independent assortment. In other words, a gamete's allele for one gene has no effect on the allele received for another.
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Art-Labeling Activity: Anatomy of the urinary tract 18 of 24 Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Rese Ureters External urethral sphincter Urethra Urinary bladder Trigone Rugae Levator ani muscle Internal urethral sphincter Peritoneum Ureteral openings Lumen Mucosa (transitional epithelium) Musculart Adventitia (b) Cross-sectional histology of ureter Lumen Mucosa (transitional epithelium) Detrusor muscle LM Sond (a) Organs of the urinary tract (c) Histology of urinary bladder wall
Rese Ureters External urethral sphincter Urethra Urinary bladder Trigone Rugae Levator ani muscle Internal urethral sphincter.
Where Detrusor muscle is found in the bladder?Detrusor muscle is found in the bladder. Contraction of the detrusor muscle compresses the urinary bladder and expels it's contents into the urethra.
Trigone acts as a funnel that channels urine into the urethra when the urinary bladder contracts. Internal urethral sphincter is located in the neck of the urinary bladder. It provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder.
Therefore, Rese Ureters External urethral sphincter Urethra Urinary bladder Trigone Rugae Levator ani muscle Internal urethral sphincter.
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What are two risk factors that can be modified by lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of heart disease?
The two most important risk factors which can be modified to reduce risk of heart diseases are reducing the smoking rate and avoiding excessive junk food.
Heart diseases are those which affect the functioning of heart such as ability to pump blood properly or generation of electrical signals inside the heart so that the cardiac cycle can be continued smoothly. Risk factors are those conditions which affect the chances of diseases being worse with time. Heart is related to lungs almost directly as pulmonary system and cardiovascular system work in coordination with each other.
Excessive smoking causes damage to bronchioles and lungs due to suffocation and settling of harmful particulate matter inside the lungs. Similarly, excessive junk food chokes the heart muscles and arteries due to accumulation of cholesterol and fat. Lack of physical exercise is also one of the cause. Alcohol consumption, stress and anxiety and opium consumption is also disastrous for heart.
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can you guys help me
A puppy's genotype of "bb" indicates that it will only be chocolate if both parents carry the chocolate gene (b).
What is genotype?Genotype is defined as the pattern of genes that an organism inherits from its parents to create its qualities. The genotype of an individual is their own DNA pattern. More specifically, the two alleles a person acquired for a particular gene are referred to by this phrase.
An organism with two dominant alleles for a characteristic is referred to as having a homozygous dominant genotype. Using the example of eye color, the letter BB is used to represent this genotype. An organism with a heterozygous genotype possesses both a dominant and a recessive allele. In our situation, this genotype is designated as Bb.
Thus, a puppy's genotype of "bb" indicates that it will only be chocolate if both parents carry the chocolate gene (b).
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What does sexual reproduction have that a sexual reproduction does not have?
Sexual reproduction has several advantages over asexual reproduction. For one, it allows for a greater variety in the genetic material of the offspring.
The parents can pass on different combinations of genes, which results in a greater variety of traits in the offspring. This diversity can help the species adapt and survive in changing environments.
Another advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows for the recombination of genetic material, which can help the species evolve and become more adapted to different conditions. Recombination occurs when two different sets of genetic material are combined. Finally, sexual reproduction allows for the formation of new species. Offspring created through sexual reproduction can have characteristics that set them apart from their parents.
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Match each cell type with it's effector response.
Apoptosis is used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected cells.
Antibody-producing plasma cell.
Releases cytokines and interleukins to activate other cells.
T and B cells undergo differentiation into effector cells after activation, which carry out vital effector tasks such generating cytotoxic antipathogen chemicals and antibodies, respectively. Innate, adaptive, & passive immunity are the three kinds that exist in humans. innate defense: Innate (or natural) resistance is a form of all-encompassing defense that is present from birth. The skin, for instance, serves as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, & NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages are the immune system's most prevalent cell types. White blood cells come in a variety of forms. T cells can eliminate malignant or contaminated cells. Additionally, they control the immune reaction by assisting B cells in eradicating foreign infections. Antibodies are made by B cells.
(Match each cell type with it's effector response.
Cytotoxic T cell: Releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells
Plasma cell: Destroys infected cells via apoptosis
Helper T cell:Produces antibodies )
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2. The evolution of several key innovations in the animal body plan was instrumental to animals' success as group_ Choose any two of Ihese innovations and brielly explain how each one was adaplive (i.e. how it specilically contributed t0 animals evolulionary success).
The development of the mouth and anus in the embryo helps establish animal body plans.
What influences an animal's body structure?The development of the mouth and anus in the embryo helps establish animal body designs. Protostomes are animals that grow their mouths first, whereas deuterostomes develop their anus first.A unique phenotypic characteristic that enables future radiation and the success of a taxonomic group is referred to as a "key innovation" in evolutionary biology. This term is also used to refer to an adaptive breakthrough or key adaption.The fundamental arrangement of the organs and bodily tissues is referred to as an animal body plan. Animal body plans often have two main elements in the animal kingdom: symmetry and the arrangement of tissues and bodily compartments.To learn more about Animal body plans refer to:
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Do snails have both reproductive organs?
Yes, snails have both the reproductive organs. Mostly, snails are hermaphrodites, with both male and female sexual organs in the same body.
Do snails have both the reproductive organs?Garden snails generally hibernate during winters and they have both the female and male reproductive cells as they are hermaphrodite. They don't need to mate with another snail in order to reproduce as self fertilization is possible.
Most of the terrestrial gastropods are hermaphrodites, but some snails do not have this attribute, like some freshwater snails like the Apple Snails and periwinkles. These two types of snails have separate male and female individuals.
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How will you prevent the cardiovascular disease without injuries?
Healthy diet, regular physical activity, and not using tobacco products are the keys to prevention. Checking and controlling risk factors for heart disease and stroke such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high blood sugar or diabetes is also very important.
What are the ways to prevent Cardiovascular disease ?Stopping to use tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco, is one of the finest things you can do for your heart.
Heart disease risk can be lowered by engaging in regular, everyday physical activity. Your weight can be managed with exercise.
A balanced diet can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes, lower blood pressure, and enhance cholesterol.
Obesity, high blood pressure, heart attacks, diabetes, and depression are all more common in those who don't get enough sleep.
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What causes Gametic mutation?
Answer:
Can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division.
Why is genetically modified food an ethical issue?
The main concerns about the negative impacts of GM foods on health are indeed the transmission of antibiotic resistance, toxicity, and allergenicity.
Genetic modification is really a subset of gene technology in which the genetic machinery of living organisms such as animals, plants, as well as microorganisms is altered. Combining genes from various organisms has been known as recombinant DNA technology, and the resulting organism is referred to as 'Genetically modified (GM),' 'Genetically engineered,' or 'Transgenic'.
Several GM crops are currently used as food sources. There are currently no GM animals approved for food use, but a GM salmon has now been proposed for FDA approval. In some cases, the product is consumed directly as food, but in most cases, genetically modified crops are sold as commodities before being processed in to the food ingredients.
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active transport a-requires an input of atp b-is involved in diffusion c-occurs in osmosis and facilitated transport d-all of the choices are correct
Active transport is a energy dependent process. It requires an input of ATP.
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. An input of energy is required in the process of active transport as it involves the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from low to high concentration. The movement requires energy to maintain the electrochemical gradient. The uptake of glucose in the intestine of the human body and also the uptake of minerals or ions into the root hair cells of the plants are some of the examples of active transport. There are two types of active transport namely – Primary active transport and secondary active transport.
Hence, option a is correct answer because it state active transport requires an input of ATP.
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during prophase 1, replicated homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis. what testable question is generated regarding synapsis and genetic variability?
During prophase 1, replicated homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis. the following testable question is generated regarding synapsis and genetic variability is that, " is the distance between two gene loci related to crossover rate?"
By recombining combinations of gene alleles on a single chromosome that always segregate together, synapsis and crossing-over mechanisms increase genetic diversity. A synapsis is formed by the joining and pairing of homologous chromosomes. This occurs during the first stage of meiosis, known as prophase I.
Mutation (which can generate completely new alleles in a population), random fertilization, random mating, and recombination among the homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles inside an organism's offspring) can all cause genetic variability.
The likelihood of a crossover among two genes is proportional to their distance apart. That is, the greater the distance between two genes, the more likely it is that they will cross over during meiosis.
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Which of the following is the best explanation for presence of both chloroplasts and mitochondria in plant cells?
A. In the light, plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. In the dark, they are heterotrophs
B. If plants cannot produce enough ATP in the process of photosynthesis to meet their energy needs, they can produce it in aerobic respiration
C.Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use, converted to other chemicals, or broken down in aerobic respiration to yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs.
D. The leaves and sometimes the stems of the plants contain chloroplasts which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plant parts. The roots of plants contain mitochondria which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plants.
Answer:
Plant cells require both chloroplasts and mitochondria since they carry out both cell respiration and photosynthesis.
Explanation:
What was the evolutionary innovation that resulted in the Great Oxygenation Event?
When cyanobacteria living in the oceans started producing oxygen through photosynthesis, it led the evolutionary innovation that resulted in the Great Oxygenation Event.
The Great Oxidation Event resulted from the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere of Earth. The oxygen produced by cyanobacteria, which was utilized by multicellular creatures as early as 2.3 billion years ago, provided the catalyst for this.
The physiologically caused emergence of dioxygen (O2) in the Earth's atmosphere is known as the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE; also known as the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust, Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation). It essentially involves adding oxygen to the atmosphere. It is regarded as the first mass extinction as well.
Huge areas of the ocean gradually became oxygenated as a result of the cyanobacteria's constant emission of oxygen. The methane and oxygen that had built up began to react as the oxygen slowly started to escape into the environment. Methane was gradually displaced as more oxygen leaked, and oxygen replaced methane as a primary atmospheric constituent.
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What factors can influence the rate of transport in cell membrane?
Answer:
the mass of the solute, the temperature of the environment, the solvent density, and the distance traveled.
explain how selective breeding can use gentic trait mutations
Answer:
Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics. Humans have selectively bred plants and animals for thousands of years including: crop plants with better yields.
Explanation:
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the process of transport across cell membranes that costs biochemical energy is ________.
The process of transport across cell membranes that costs biochemical energy is active transport.
Cell membranes are the outer layer of the cells made up of proteins and lipids. It is lipid bilayer that separated the outer and inner components. It is also involved in the regulation of substances that can cross to enter or exit the cell.
Active transport is the form of transport where energy is required. It involves the transport of substances from the region of low concentration to high concentration, i.e., uphill movement. The active transport is further divided into two types: Primary active transport and Secondary active transport.
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Please select the word from the list that best fits the definition
Upward arching rock layer
Anticline is the answer to this. An anticline is a fold with an upward arch. When rock layers experience horizontal stress, an anticline is created.
What is the name of the layer of rocks that is descending?The oldest rocks are on the outside and the youngest rocks are in the center of a syncline, which is a fold that bends downward. A basin is created when rocks bend downward in a circular pattern.
What three sorts of rock layers are there?Deep inside the Earth, rock melts and forms igneous rocks. Sand, silt, dead plants, and animal bones are all layers that contribute to the formation of sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks are made from other rocks that are altered underground by heat and pressure.
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Answer:
It is called an anticline
Explanation:
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How many genes make up the human genome four adenine thymine guanine and cytosine 23 pairs of genes 20000 25000 genes billion genes?
Genes are the hereditary units, which are present in the coded segments of the DNA. Genes carry the information from parent to daughter cells.
There are 20,000 to 25,000 genes that make up the human genome.
Human Genome Project was conducted for several years, the result obtained was:
The human genome project was an international scientific project, which aimed at determining the base pairs that make up the human DNA.
The project estimated that humans consist of 20,000 to 25,000 genes in their genome. Each individual inherits the copies of genes from both parents.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option C.
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What are stage I and stage II of photosynthesis?
The first stage of photosynthesis involves energy molecules and the second stage this energy for sugar molecules formation.
Phase I begins with the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in the presence of water, which is subsequently stored as ATP and NADPH. At this point, oxygen is also emitted as a waste product. In phase II, carbon dioxide is combined with chemical energy from ATP and NADPH to produce glucose. Organelles in plant cells are referred to as chloroplasts. Grana are stacks that are present in each chloroplast and are found in the chloroplasts. The grana are made up of membranes called thylakoids that resemble sacs. These membranes include photosystems, which are assemblages of molecules that contain chlorophyll, the green pigment.
Hence, photosynthesis involves sugar molecule formation.
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what are 2 similarities a 2 differences between the formation of a protein and a complex carbohydrate
Amino acid building blocks, which are the basis of proteins, are linked together in intricate patterns.
What are the two distinctions between proteins and carbohydrates?
If we consider the genuine distinction between proteins and carbohydrates. Proteins are macromolecules consisting of amino acids, whereas carbohydrates are simple sugars.
Proteins also contain sulphur, nitrogen, and phosphorus, while carbohydrates predominantly contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
What connections do proteins and carbs share?
Answer and justification Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are all made of carbon and hydrogen.
They belong to the field of organic chemistry, in fact. All three of them are polymers that are created when dehydration synthesis links their monomers together.
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What are the processes of independent assortment and recombination?
Recombination is the process that occurs during meiosis in which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to create new combinations of genes. During meiosis, chromosomes randomly move to separate poles. This process is known as independent sorting.
Genetic recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis (cell division that results in gametes). During this process, homologous chromosomes combine to form units known as tetrads. Chromosomes then cross over and exchange genetic material, creating new combinations of alleles. Recombination mixes pieces of the maternal and paternal genes together so that the genes can be classified independently.
After meiosis, gametes have 23 chromosomes, but independent arrangement means that each gamete has one of many different combinations of chromosomes. Different genes and alleles are inherited independently, according to the law of independent classification within sexually reproducing organisms. Chromosomes separate into multiple gametes during meiosis. The crossover process rearranges the linked genes on the chromosome. Mendelian bicrosses are a good example of independent assortment.
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sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place inside the cells of human body.
The sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place inside the cells of human body is known as Metabolism.
The organism uses the energy given off by respiration in cells to power its ongoing, enzyme-controlled metabolic activities for the production of new molecules. Transformation of glucose into starch, glycogen, and cellulose is one example of a metabolic process.
A living thing's metabolism is the culmination of all the chemical activities that occur inside each cell and supply the energy for both essential functions and the synthesis of new organic substances. The ability to draw energy from their surroundings and utilise it for tasks like movement, growth and development, and reproduction makes living things special.
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