In 2018, Caterpillar Inc. had about 595 million shares outstanding. Their book value was $23.00 per share, and the market price was $154.80 per share. The company's balance sheet shows that the company had $24.8 billion of long-term debt, which was currently selling near par value.
a. What was Caterpillar's book debt-to-value ratio? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a decimal rounded to 2 decimal places.)
b. What was its market debt-to-value ratio? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a decimal rounded to 2 decimal places.)
c. Which measure should you use to calculate the company's cost of capital?
a. Book debt-to-value ratio
b. Markeet debt-to-value ratio
c. Measure
Answer and Explanation:
The computation is shown below;
(a)-Caterpillar’s book debt-to-value ratio
Caterpillar’s book debt-to-value ratio is
= Debt ÷ [Debt + Book Value of Equity]
= $24.80 Billion ÷ [$24.80 Billion + (0.595 Billion Shares × $23.00 per share)]
= $24.80 Billion ÷ [$24.80 Billion + $13.69 Billion]
= $24.80 Billion ÷ $38.49 Billion
= 0.64
(b)- Caterpillar’s market debt-to-value ratio
Caterpillar’s book Market debt-to-value ratio is
= Debt ÷ [Debt + Market Value of Equity]
= $24.80 Billion ÷ [$24.80 Billion + (0.595 Billion Shares × $154.80 per share)]
= $24.80 Billion ÷ [$24.80 Billion + $92.11 Billion]
= $24.80 Billion ÷ $116.91 Billion
= 0.21
(c)-Best measure to determine the company’s cost of capital is the market value
Options for attacking the high costs of items purchased from suppliers do not include Multiple Choice pressuring suppliers for more favorable prices. integrating backward into the business of high-cost suppliers and making the item in-house so as to better control the cost. switching to lower-priced substitute inputs. collaborating closely with suppliers to identify mutual cost-saving opportunities. raising prices to customers (in order to cover the high costs).
Answer:
raising prices to customers (in order to cover the high costs).
Explanation:
Supply-side economist can be defined as economists who believes that the ability and willingness of the producers of goods and services to manufacture or produce sets the pace for the economic growth of a country.
This ultimately implies that, increasing the supply of goods and services would cause an economic growth for a country.
Options for attacking or mitigating the high costs of items purchased from suppliers do not include, the seller such as a retailer raising prices to customers in a bid to cover the high costs incurred from the supply.
However, the seller could pressure his or her supplier to lower the cost, switch to a cheaper substitute products, and creating a collaborative effort with the supplier for mutual cost-saving opportunities in the market.
Martha B's has total assets of $1,810. These assets are expected to increase in value to either $1,900 or $2,400 by next year. The company has a pure discount bond outstanding with a face value of $2,000. This bond matures in one year. Currently, U.S. Treasury bills are yielding 5.5 percent. What is the value of the equity in this firm
Answer:
$7.24
Explanation:
PV at the risk free rate = $1,900 / (1 + 0.055)
PV at the risk free rate = $1,900 / 1.055
PV at the risk free rate = $1,800.95
Number of options needed = (2,400 - 1,900) / (400 - 0)
Number of options needed = 500 / 400
Number of options needed = 1.25
Total assets = (No of options needed*Value of equity) + Present value at the risk free rate. Let Value of equity be C0
$1,810 = (1.25*C0) + $1,800.95
$1,810 - $1,800.95 = 1.25*C0
C0 = $9.05 / 1.25
C0 = $7.24
So, the Value of equity in this firm is $7.24.
In reviewing activity for july the controller of mathis inc., collected the following data concerning direct materials:
Actual production $103,000 units
Direct materials purchased (actual) $1,642,800
Standard cost of materials purchased $1,554,000
Standard direct materials costs per unit produced 14
Standard price times actual amount of materials used $1,405,950
Required:
Compute the direct materials cost variances.
Answer:
$36,400 U
Explanation:
Actual costs = $ 1,643,800
Actual inputs at standard price = $ 1,556,500
Price variance = ($ 1,556,500 – $1,643,800)
= $87,300 Unfavorable
Actual inputs at standard price = $ 1,408,450
Flexible budget (Standard Allowed for Good Output):
= $14.1 × 103,500
= $1,459,350
Efficiency variance = ($1,459,350 - $1,408,450)
= $50,900 Favorable
Direct materials cost variances:
= Price variance - Efficiency variance
=$87,300 U – $50,900 F
= $36,400 U
Explanation:brainlist pls
What would happen if I were to buy a truck for $50,000 and expense all of it during that period, rather than handle it the way the book recommends? What would it do to my Income Statement and Balance Sheet?
Answer:
Income from operation will decrease by $50,000
Explanation:
given data
inventory of a manufactured = 5,000 units
to find out
effect on income from operations
solution
as we know that in the absorption costing both variable cost and fixed cost are included in the cost of production
so that as under variable costing only the variable manufacturing cost are included in the cost
and
if absorption costing is used the inventory level that will be increased by10 × 5000 = $50,000
so Income from operation will decrease by $50,000
so correct option is c.$50,000 decrease
Balance sheet as what that might be will indeed be underestimated. A further explanation is provided below.
A $50,000 automobile has been purchased. This is a level of investment. Throughout acquisition, it should not be recognized as an expense. Yearly trucking depreciation would be to be determined employing the truck's anticipated lifespan.
Depreciation costs, therefore, should have been computed annually and should be reported throughout the statement of financial position. The truck must be reflected minus cumulative depreciation at such market rates somewhere in the accounting records. If somehow the truck gets charged for the purchasing year as well, then the operating earnings of the reporting quarter of the company would decrease dramatically.The truck wouldn't have been reflected on the balance sheet even though it stated at the cost the year of the acquisition.So the preceding response is correct.
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Leander Mfg. has three support departments (human resources, administration, and maintenance) and two revenue-generating departments (assembly and finishing). The company uses the step method to allocate support department costs to operating departments. In October, human resources incurred $1,008,000 of costs, administration incurred $1,562,400, and maintenance incurred $476,000. Proportions of services provided to other departments for October follow. Human Resources Administration Maintenance Human resources 10% 5% Administration 10% 15 Maintenance 15 10 Assembly 40 50 45 Finishing 35 30 35 a. Assume that the departments are listed in a benefits-provided ranking. Note: Do not round proportions in your calculations; round your final answer to the nearest whole dollar. 1. What amount of cost should be assigned from human resources to each of the other departments
Answer:
Leander Mfg.
Human resources cost assigned to other departments:
Administration 100,800 (10%)
Maintenance 151,200 (15%)
Assembly 403,200 (40%)
Finishing 352,800 (35%)
Total HR costs $1,008,000
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Human Resource Administration Maintenance
Direct costs incurred $1,008,000 $1,562,400 $476,000
Human resources 10% 5%
Administration 10% 15
Maintenance 15 10
Assembly 40 50 45
Finishing 35 30 35
Allocation of Costs:
Human Resource Administration Maintenance
Direct costs incurred $1,008,000 $1,562,400 $476,000
Human resources ($1,008,000) 100,800 151,200
Administration 100,800 (10%) ($1,663,200) 184,800
Maintenance 151,200 (15%) 184,800 (10%) ($812,000)
Assembly 403,200 (40%) 924,000 (50%) 456,750 (45%)
Finishing 352,800 (35%) 554,400 (30%) 355,250 (35%)
Human resources cost assigned to other departments:
Administration 100,800 (10%)
Maintenance 151,200 (15%)
Assembly 403,200 (40%)
Finishing 352,800 (35%)
Total HR costs $1,008,000
Administration costs assigned to other departments:
Maintenance 184,800 ($1,663,200 * 10/90)
Assembly 924,000 ($1,663,200 * 50/90)
Finishing 554,400 ($1,663,200 * 30/90)
Total administration costs $1,663,200
Maintenance costs assigned to other departments:
Assembly 456,750 ($812,000 * 45/80)
Finishing 355,250 ($812,000 * 35/80)
Total administration costs $812,000
In the world map the United States appears to be a large producer of oranges. Explain how the world map misrepresents the scale of production for the cultivation of oranges in the United States.
Answer:
The map misrepresents the scale of orange production in the United States, because even in the U.S. is an important orange producer, the map conveys the idea that the U.S. as a whole is a producer, when it only produces oranges in a few states, with almost the entirety of the production being located in Florida.
A more accurate map would clarify this in a textbox or a note, or would have the state of Florida colored in a way that highlights that the production of oranges in the U.S. comes almost exclusively from this state.
Which of the following is true of hierarchical clustering?
a. The data partition does not occur in a single step
b. All clusters must have the same number of data
c. All clusters must have more than one object in it
d. No single cluster can have all data
Answer:
The data partition does not occur in a single step
Explanation:
82% of companies shop their products by truck. 47% of companies ship their product by rail 40% of companies shop by truck and rail. What is the probability that a company shops by truck or rail
Answer: 0.89
Explanation: add the 82% and 47% then subtract the 40, answer is 89.
82% of companies shop their products by truck. 47% of companies ship their product by rail, 40% of companies shop by truck and rail. The probability that a company shops by truck or rail is 0.89.
What is company?The term "company" refers to legal entities that are lawfully registered under the Company Act. The company's major goal is to increase profits while maintaining goodwill. With the assistance of management, the organization was flawlessly run. Employees are compensated by the company.
Determine the probability of that a company shops by truck or rail:
As the given amount are:
82% of companies shop their products by truck.
47% of companies ship their product by rail
40% of companies shop by truck and rail.
The company shops by truck = ?
The company shops by truck = products by truck + product by rail – shop by truck and rail.
The company shops by truck = 0.82 + 0.47 – 0.40
The company shops by truck = 1.29 – 0.40
The company shops by truck = 0.89
As a result, the probability that a company shops by truck or rail is 0.89.
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ABC Company operates two divisions with the following operating information for the month of May:
Division 1: sales, $128,000; operating income, $39,680; operating assets, $320,000.
Division 2: sales, $84,000; operating income, $42,336; operating assets, $420,000.
ABC Company expects a minimum return of 10% should be earned from all investments.
Required:
Prepare ABC Company’s ROI analysis using the DuPont model for each division.
Suppose that we want to evaluate the effect of several variables onannual saving and that we have a panel data set on individuals collected in January1990 and January 1992. If we include a year dummy variable for 1992 and use firstdifferencing, can we also include age in the original model? Explain.
Answer:
Following are the responses to the given question:
Explanation:
Note that others will therefore increase his age by two percent from 2009 to 1992.
[tex]\Delta age_{i}=2 \ \ \ where \ \ i =1,2,....,n[/tex]
And if the trend is running:
[tex]\Delta saving_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}\Delta age_{i}+...+u_{i}[/tex]
We're breaking MLR.3 as [tex]\Delta agei[/tex] it's the same for all -> No different from a permanent designer cannot immediately distinguish the influence of age from the aggregate time effect because age changes per person by the same amount.
The downward slope of the demand curve again illustrates the pattern that as _____________ rises, ______________ decreases.
Answer:
price; quantity demanded.
Explanation:
In Economics, there are primarily two (2) factors which affect the availability and the price at which goods and services are sold or provided, these are demand and supply.
The law of demand states that, the higher the demand for goods and services, the higher the price it would be sold all things being equal.
According to the law of demand, there exist a negative relationship between the quantity of goods demanded and the price of a good i.e when the prices of goods and services in the market increases or rises: there would be a significant decline or fall in the demand for this goods and services.
This ultimately implies that, an increase in the price level of a product usually results in a decrease in the quality of real output demanded along the aggregate demand curve.
In conclusion, the downward slope of the demand curve again illustrates the pattern that as price of goods and services rises, quantity of goods and services demanded decreases.
Peterkin Inc needs to arrange financing for its expansion program. Sandy Bank offers to lend Peterkin the required funds on a loan in which interest must be paid monthly, and the quoted rate is 6 percent. Money Plus Bank will charge 6.8 percent, with interest due at the end of the year. Which bank should Peterkin take the loan from
Answer:
Sandy Bank
Explanation:
to determine which bank Peterkin would prefer a loan from, calculate the effective annual interest rate
the bank with the lower effective annual interest rate would be preferred
Effective annual rate = (1 + APR / m ) ^m - 1
M = number of compounding
Sandy Bank : (1 + 0.06/12)^12 - 1 = 0.062 = 6.2%
Money Plus Bank = 6.8
Sandy bank has a lower effective annual interest rate and would be preferred for the loan
Weekly demand figures at Hot Pizza are as follows:
Week Demand($)
1 108
2 116
3 118
4 124
5 96
6 119
7 96
8 102
9 112
10 102
11 92
12 91
Using the Hot Pizza weekly demand figures provided, estimate demand for Week 4 to Week 12 by using a 3-week moving average as well as simple exponential smoothing with α = 0.2. Evaluate the MAD, MAPE, MSE, bias, and TS in each case. Which of the two methods do you prefer? Why? Include all calculations as well as your narrative explanation and summary.
Answer:
MAD: 10.04, 11.53
MAPSE: 10% , 12%
MSE : 146.33, 178.72
Bias : -0.56 , -0.96
3-week moving average method is better
Explanation:
i ) Evaluate MAD ( average of absolute errors )
using 3 week moving average
= 10.04
using simple exponential smoothing
= 11.53
ii) MAPSE ( average of absolute percentage error )
using 3 week moving average
= 10%
using simple exponential smoothing
= 12%
iii) MSE ( average of Squared Errors )
3 week MV = 146.33 , Simple exponential smoothing = 178.72.
iv) Bias
3 week MV = -5/9 = -0.56, Simple exponential smoothing = -8.69/9 = -0.96.
v) TS ( Total error / MAD )
3 week MV = -5 / 10.04 = -0.49 ,
simple exponential smoothing = -8.69 / 11.53 = -0.75
b) I prefer 3-week moving average based on the values of MAD , MAPE, MSE, bias and TS which shows that there is a better estimate when using the 3 -weeks moving average.
Attached below is the Tabular calculations of the required parameters for the question
Boswell Company reported the following information for the current year: Sales(50,000 units) £1,000,000, direct materials and direct labor £500,000, other variable costs £50,000, and fixed costs £360,000. What is Boswell’contribution margin ratio?
lol btw u play ml? or growtopia?
Realizing that bacon toothpaste probably wasn’t the best invention, Mr. Bacon's business (Bacon Co.) developed a new product – bacon-scented sunscreen. Bacon Co. spent 6 months (January 2020 – Sept. 2020) and $10,000 developing the sunscreen. The product launched September 1, 2020, and initially it was a huge success. Bacon-scented sunscreen generated over $600,000 in sales in 2020. Sales tapered off quickly, and the sunscreen only generated sales of $100,000 in 2021. It is anticipated that there will be no bacon-scented sunscreen sales after 2021. What amount of R&E expenditures can Bacon Co. deduct in 2020 if Bacon Co. prefers to accelerate deductions as much as possible?
For each of the following sentences, select the phrase or group of words that best completes the statement. Earnings per share Dividend yield ratio Dividend payout ratio Return on assets ratio Return on common stockholders' equity ratio
Answer:
Note See complete and organized question as attached as picture below
1. Dividend yield ratio
Correct phrase: Relationship between dividends and the market price of a company's stock.
2. Dividend payout ratio
Correct phrase: Percentage of earnings paid out as dividends.
3. Return on assets ratio
Correct phrase: Measure of a company's success in earning a return for all the providers of the capital.
4. Return on common stockholders' equity ratio
Correct phrase: Measure of a company's success in earning a return for the common stockholders.
Whispering Winds Industries manufactures dining chairs and tables. The following information is available regarding the two products and their estimated use of cost drivers: Dining Chairs Tables Estimated Cost Machine setups 285 685 $49,470 Inspections 335 555 $73,870 Labor hours 2,600 2,400 Whispering Winds is considering switching from one overhead rate based on labor hours to ABC. Perform the following analysis for these two components of overhead: (a) Compute total machine setups and inspection costs assigned to each product, using a single overhead rate. (Round overhead rate value to 3 decimal places, e.g. 52.711 and final answers to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,275.)
Answer and Explanation:
a. The calculation of the total machine setups and inspection costs assigned to each product is given below:
Single overhead rate is
= ($49,470 + $73,870) ÷ (2,600 + 2,400)
= $24.668
Now the dining chairs cost is
= $24.668 ×2,600
=$ 64,137
And, for tables, it is
= $24.668 × 2,400
= $59,203
hence, the same should be considered
Workman Software has 11 percent coupon bonds on the market with 19 years to maturity. The bonds make semiannual payments and currently sell for 108.3 percent of par. a. What is the current yield on the bonds
Answer:
10.16%
Explanation:
Coupon amount = 11% * 1000
Coupon amount = $110
Price of bond = 1000*108.3%
Price of bond = $1,083
Current yield = Coupon amount / Price of bond
Current yield = $110 / $1,083
Current yield = 0.1015697
Current yield = 10.16%
So, the current yield on the bonds is 10.16%.
The firm repurchases shares from a major shareholder through privately determined discussions. What method is described in the preceding situation
Answer: Direct negotiation
Explanation:
Since the firm repurchases shares from a major shareholder through privately determined discussions, then this is referred to as a direct negotiation.
A direct negotiation occurs when a company approaches one or some if it's largest shareholders directly so that the company can buy back the shares that was sold to them by the company back from them. In this case, the shares purchase price will include a premium.
mcdonalds, burger king, pizza hut and KFc retaurastand all operate in different countries are best characterized as what kind of corporations
Answer:
multi-domestic corporation
Explanation:
A multi-domestic corporation are the localized form of multinational corporations. They operate through domestic channels. The management is headed by the domestic operations. The managers and operations are the local personnel who make the decisions and make significant changes in the respective countries. The management of McDonalds, Burger King, Pizza Hut and KFC comprises of the local team in every country. The decisions and regulations are termed in accordance to the culture, environment and market of the particular country.
What is the customer's goal?
Answer:
The key aspect of any business, company, or employer is customer service goals.
Explanation:
A customer service department and the staff represent the company and contribute to building the company's public perception. Customer service objectives are specific objectives and guidelines put in place by an enterprise to ensure that every client is 100% satisfied with the services provided by the enterprise. Excellent customer service means that every customer's needs and desires can be met promptly. A customer should never get away with a company or leave a place unhappy.
Improve customer service measurement
Customers goals :
Easy to get in touch with customersResponse times acceleratedImprove customer service measurementFind ways to create an all-round experience for our customersDevelop a loyalty program for clientsCreate a culture that focuses on customersDevelop a strategy for customer surveysTake the customer success account into accountGet customer renovation and up-sell creativeA newly constructed water treatment facility cost $2 million. It is estimated that the facility will need renovating every 30 years at a cost of $1 million. Annual repairs and maintenance are estimated to be $100,000 per year. At an interest rate of 6%, determine the capitalized cost of the facility
Answer:
$3,876,667
Explanation:
Capitalized cost = $2,000,000 + ($100,000 / 0.06) + [[$1,000,000*(A/F, 6%, 30)] / 0.06]
Capitalized cost = $2,000,000 + $1,666,667 + [$1,000,000*(0.0126)] / 0.06
Capitalized cost = $2,000,000 + $1,666,667 + $210,000
Capitalized cost = $3,876,667
So, the value of the capitalized cost of th e facility is $3,876,667.
How are laws of supply and demand similar
When a project involves an entirely new product line, the firm may be able to obtain betas from to calculate a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for its new product line.
Consider the case of another company. Davis Printing is evaluating two mutually exclusive projects. They both require a $5 million investment today and have expected NPVs of $1,000,000. Management conducted a full risk analysis of these two projects, and the results are shown below.
Risk Measure Project A Project B
Standard deviation of project's expected NPVs $400,000 $200,000
Project beta 0.9 1.1
Correlation coefficient of project cash flows (relative to the firm's existing projects) 0.7 0.5
Which of the following statements about these projects' risk is correct? Check all that apply. ?
A. Project B has more corporate risk than Project A.
B. Project A has more corporate risk than Project B.
C. Project B has more stand-alone risk than Project A.
D. Project A has more market risk than Project B
Answer:
A. Project B has more corporate risk than Project A.
C. Project B has more stand alone risk than project A.
Explanation:
Project A and Project B are mutually exclusive projects. Both the projects require initial investment of $5 million. The project beta for Project A is 0.9 while project beta for Project B is 1.1, this indicates project B is more riskier than Project A.
In assembly-line balancing, cycle time (the ratio of available production time to scheduled production) is the: minimum time that a product is allowed at each workstation. maximum time that a product is allowed at each workstation. inverse of the minimum number of workstations needed. sum of all the task times divided by the maximum number of workstations. equivalent of the maximum task time among all tasks.
Answer:
maximum time that a product is allowed at each workstation
Explanation:
The cycle time represent the maximum time for each and every workstation
Also,
Theoretical number of workstation = Total task time ÷ Cycle time
The cycle time is the vital concept with regard to the line balancing to give assurance related to the production happen according to the demand. Also it help in allocation of the resources in the proper way.
Therefore the above statement should be considered
Keidis Industries will pay a dividend of $4.35, $5.45, and $6.65 per share for each of the next three years, respectively. In four years, you believe that the company will be acquired for $61.00 per share. The return on similar stocks is 9.4 percent. What is the current stock price
Answer:
$56.19
Explanation:
Current stock price can be determined by calculating the present value of the dividend payments
Present value is the sum of discounted cash flows
Present value can be calculated using a financial calculator
Cash flow in year 1 = 4.35
Cash flow in year 2 = 5.45
Cash flow in year 3 = 6.65
Cash flow in year 4 = 61
I = 9.4
PV = $56.19
To find the PV using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
3. Press compute
According to the numbers in the article Group of answer choices smoking among adults is elastic because the percent change in price is greater than the percentage change in quantity demanded. smoking among adults is inelastic because the percent change in price is greater than the percentage change in quantity demanded. none of the answers are correct. smoking among adults is elastic because the percent change in price is less than the percentage change in quantity demanded. smoking among adults is inelastic because the percent change in price is less than the percentage change in quantity demanded.
Answer:
According to the numbers in the article
smoking among adults is inelastic because the percent change in price is less than the percentage change in quantity demanded.
Explanation:
Inelasticity means that price changes do not affect the demand for smoking among adults. When the habits of consumers to smoke are not determined by the change in the price of the item, the demand is described as inelastic. In other words, a change in the price of the good or service does not generate a corresponding change in the quantity demanded. Inelasticity, as an economic term, states that the quantity demanded of a good or service remains static when there is a change in its price.
After Jim has gotten two different quotes for repairing his brakes, one from the dealership and one from a small, private mechanic, he choses to go with the small mechanic who has agreed to do his brakes for $200.00 less than the dealership. Jim takes his car to the mechanic who begins working on his brakes. After a week passes, the mechanic calls him and tells him he is in over his head and cannot fix his brakes. Jim goes over to pick up his car and finds his car in the mechanic's garage with the brakes disassembled around the mechanic's garage. What legal recourse does Jim have?
Answer:
Primary estoppel
Explanation:
Primary estoppel is defined as the principle that a promise made by a promisor is enforceable most especially when a promisee believes the promise and this leads to a subsequent detriment.
In the given scenario Jim used a small mechanic to repair his brakes and was assured he could do the job.
However the mechanic calls him and tells him he is in over his head and cannot fix his brakes, and finds his car in the mechanic's garage with the brakes disassembled around the mechanic's garage.
He can resort to primary estoppel as a legal recourse.
Garida Co. is considering an investment that will have the following sales, variable costs, and fixed operating costs:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Unit sales 4,200 4,100 4,300 4,400
Sales price $29.82 $30.00 $30.31 $33.19
Variable cost per unit $12.15 $13.45 $14.02 $14.55
Fixed operating costs $41,000 $41,670 $41,890 $40,100
This project will require an investment of $10,000 in new equipment. Under the new tax law, the equipment is eligible for 100% bonus deprecation at t = 0, so it will be fully depreciated at the time of purchase. The equipment will have no salvage value at the end of the project’s four-year life. Garida pays a constant tax rate of 25%, and it has a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 11%. Determine what the project’s net present value (NPV) would be under the new tax law.
Determine what the project’s net present value (NPV) would be under the new tax law.
a) $80,438
b) $67,032
c) $77,087
d) $60,329
Answer:
Garida Co.
The project's net present value (NPV) is:
= $57,787
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Unit sales 4,200 4,100 4,300 4,400
Sales price $29.82 $30.00 $30.31 $33.19
Variable cost per unit $12.15 $13.45 $14.02 $14.55
Fixed operating costs $41,000 $41,670 $41,890 $40,100
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Sales Revenue $125,244 $123,000 $130,333 $146,036
Variable costs $51,030 $55,145 $60,286 $64,020
Fixed operating costs $41,000 $41,670 $41,890 $40,100
Total costs $92,030 $96,815 $102,176 $104,120
Income before tax $23,214 $26,185 $28,157 $41,916
Income tax (25%) 5,804 6,546 7,039 10,479
Net income/cash inflow $17,410 $19,639 $21,118 $31,437
PV factor 0.901 0.812 0.731 0.659
Present value $15,686 $15,947 $15,437 $20,717
Total present value of the cash inflows = $67,787
Less investment cost of equipment = 10,000
Project's net present value (NPV) = $57,787