Alzheimer's disease (AD) plaque and neurofibrillary pathogenesis are made possible by beta-amyloid (Abeta). By interacting with alpha7 nicotinic receptors, soluble Abeta stimulates the formation of intraneuronal Abeta aggregates and the phosphorylation of tau (alpha7nAChRs).
In vitro reincubation with S 24795 decreases the interaction between Abeta(42) and alpha7nAChR as well as beta-amyloid (Abeta) (42)-induced tau phosphorylation. S 24795 lessens Abeta(42)-alpha7nAChR association and Abeta(42) immunostaining in organotypic brain slice cultures and in an in vivo Abeta(42) injection model.
S 24795 also normalizes Ca(2+) fluxes through alpha7nAChR and NMDAR channels in organotypic cortical slices and mice brains that have been exposed to beta-amyloid (Abeta)(42) or infused with it. Galantamine and memantine have a minor impact on the Abeta(42)-alpha7nAChR coupling and Abeta(42)-mediated reduction of alpha7nAChR- and NMDAR-mediated Ca(2+) influx, in contrast to S 24795 and Abeta(12-28).
To know more about beta-amyloid refer to: https://brainly.com/question/5184265
#SPJ4
the average lifespan of a species is just 1-10 million years. why do you think there are such high rates of speciation and extinction constantly occurring throughout the history of life on earth?
There are such high levels of speciation and extinction because conditions on the Earth keep on changing.
For a species to survive on the Earth, the conditions provided shall be suitable for it to exist. However, most of the times in an ecosystem, the conditions change when there is more competition for food and survival. Also, a rapid change in the ecosystem can cause a species to become extinct due to unfavorable conditions.
A species might have to move to another area if the conditions become unfavorable to survive. There might already be competing in the new area and hence the new species might not be able to survive.
Hence, the changing conditions of an ecosystem are the main reason for the high rates of speciation and extinction that constantly occur in the history of life on earth.
To learn more about extinction, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/1048615
#SPJ4
Select the type of inheritance pattern that is best described below:
A recessive allele causes a human genetic disorder called phenylketonuria. Homozygous recessive individuals are unable to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. As a consequence, they have high levels of this substance in their blood and urine, reduced pigmentation, lighter hair than their normal brothers and sisters and often some degree of mental impairment.
a. Incomplete Dominance
b. Polygenic Inheritance
c. Codominance
d. Pleiotropy
e. Multiple Alleles
The type of inheritance pattern that is best described when indicating a recessive allele that causes a human genetic disorder called phenylketonuria associated with different genes which encode for the same trait is Pleiotropy (Option d).
What is Pleiotropy?Pleiotropy is a genetic phenomenon in which one gene alters the phenotypic expression of more than one simple trait, thereby ending the same product for different features in an organism.
Therefore, we can conclude that Pleiotropy is a genetic phenomenon that occurs when the allele of a gene encodes a product that affects more than one phenotypic trait.
Learn more about Pleiotropy here:
https://brainly.com/question/2088690
#SPJ1
In terms of plate tectonics, where would you expect metamorphic rocks to be currently
in the process of forming? Why? (both in general terms and specific locations)
In terms of plate tectonics, metamorphic rocks in the process of forming is found in the place or area where the plates meet.
What is Metamorphic rock?This type of rock are formed when the preexisting ones are transformed into a new one and they are formed deep in the earth or at the area where the tectonic plates sue to increase in temperature, pressure etc.
Metamorphic rock is formed from the combination of of these factors. The rock is present deep within the Earth or where tectonic plates meet which is what is responsible for the combination of different elements in other to form a new one.
Read more about Metamorphic rock here https://brainly.com/question/6202053
#SPJ1
which of the following molecules or structures may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria? * 5 points a) dna b) flagella c) plasma membrane d) ribosomes e) endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is one of the structures that will be found in eukaryotic cells but not in the cells of bacteria.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Every creature or cell with an identifiable nucleus. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which houses the well-defined chromosomes (bodies holding the genetic material), is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Large and sophisticated creatures are made up of eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells are found in fungi, plants, mammals, and protozoa. They are categorized as belonging to the Eukaryota kingdom.
They can sustain diverse conditions within a single cell, enabling them to perform numerous metabolic processes. They are able to grow several times larger than prokaryotic cells because to this.
Hence it is the Endoplasmic reticulum that is not present in bacteria.
To learn more about the cell structure, click:
https://brainly.com/question/13880600
#SPJ4
Which option is an example of something that can promote sustainable development?
Responses
(A.) having a leaky septic tank
(B.) clearing acres of land to build a home
(C.) using solar panels for heat
(D.) having a large yard
Answer:
(C.) using solar panels for heat
Explanation:
k 12 quiz
Having a large yard is an example of something that can promote sustainable development. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is Sustainable development?Sustainable development is an organizing principle for the meeting of the human development goals while it is also sustaining the ability of the natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the human economies and society depends as a whole.
A yard is an open place which has fencing around it, with the grasses and small shrubs around as well. Having a large yard will not only meet the requirements of the human beings however it also be in favor of the environment as there will be no construction over that area due to the yard.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
Learn more about Sustainable development here:
https://brainly.com/question/17411145
#SPJ2
Which of the following statements describes active transport?
Answer:
C
Explanation:
evaluate this statement: crossing over is the only mechanism that creates genetic variation by creating hybrid chromosomes with new combinations of alleles.
The statement "crossing over is the only mechanism that creates genetic variation by creating hybrid chromosomes with new combinations of alleles" is definitely true.
What is Crossing over?Crossing over may be defined as a type of process through which the exchange of genetic material occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This process mostly occurs in the Pachytene stage of meiosis I.
According to the question, independent assortment and random fertilization significantly construct genetic variations with the help of chromosome shuffling. There must be an exchange of genetic segments.
Therefore, the statement "crossing over is the only mechanism that creates genetic variation by creating hybrid chromosomes with new combinations of alleles" is definitely true.
To learn more about Crossing over, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/927405
#SPJ1
50% of the offspring's phenotypes will show the recessive trait.
True
False
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
In the given Punnett Square, while there are two offsprings with the recessive trait, the dominant trait will show up. This means that they will carry the trait, but the recessive trait will not show.
Dominant trait is defined as "the characteristic that appears in an offspring".
Learn more about recessive traits, here:
https://brainly.com/question/17447924
9.What is Acceleration?
a) How long it takes me to win at fortnight.
b) The direction of an object.
c) A change in Motion.
d) How fast something is moving.
c is the correct answer
hope it helps
. Describe two ways in which dunes grass might change a sand dune.
Complex wind patterns that change direction and vary the way sand is piled upon the dune are what cause these dunes to grow.
By shifting the wind's direction, the sand accumulates on several sides of the dune and is prevented from achieving the angle of repose, which prevents the dune from collapsing.
What changes do sand dunes undergo throughout time?The bigger sand grains will be dumped in front of any obstructions on the shore and driven up them, while smaller grains of sand are frequently dropped behind them. Sand ridges begin to grow as a result of this process and can eventually turn into a sand dune.
The wind energy environment regulates dune field patterns. The geographical distribution of continental rivers and the accessibility of sand are further critical elements influencing dune formation and evolution.
Problems such as the disappearance of the flora that covers the surface of dunes can be brought on by house and industrial growth, as well as by the use of mechanical instruments and garbage dumping on beaches.
Learn more about sand dune refer
https://brainly.com/question/4215439
#SPJ13
By coupling the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose to the synthesis of atp,.
At high latitudes, the ______ cell is influenced by a high-pressure system at the poles and easterly winds.
At high latitudes, the polar cell is influenced by a high-pressure system at the poles and easterly winds.
The Polar cells, which extend between 60 and 70 degrees north and south to the poles, are the smallest and weakest cells. At the surface of these cells, air dips over the highest latitudes and flows outwards toward the lower latitudes.
The polar cell is formed when a portion of the air rising near 60° latitude diverges at great altitude toward the poles. The Hadley cell's high-level air is collided with at 30° latitude while the remainder travels toward the equator.
The surface winds of the Ferrel cell feed warm, moist air from the tropics into the northern hemisphere. The Polar cell then encounters this as it moves south and is chilly and dry.
To learn more about Poles visit: https://brainly.com/question/536099
#SPJ4
What abiotic and biotic factors describe a biome?
Give examples for a specific biome.
Answer: Abiotic factors, which are the nonliving components, that describe a biome, include the climate, amount of precipitation, and soil type. On the other hand, biotic factors, which are the living components, include the plant and animal life.
Explanation:
Calmodulin binds ______ in smooth muscle cells, resulting in contraction of the tissue.
Calmodulin binds to calcium ions in smooth muscle cells, resulting in the contraction of the tissue.
What is calmodulin and why it binds to calcium ions in smooth muscle cells?Calmodulin have the responsibility to regulate all the activities of cell by binding it with calcium ions.The contaction property of the muscle is supossed to be at most importance which can be fufilled only in the presence of calcium ions.Calmodulin also interacts with myosin light chain kinase to catalyze the phosphorylation of myosin.Hence the calmodulin binds with calcium ions in smooth muscle cells, resulting in contraction of the tissue.To know more about Calmodulin visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9115523
#SPJ4
in an experiment examining the effect of leptin on the hunger of rats, rats in the treatment group are given leptin shots and rats in the control group are given a shot of an inactive substance such as saline.
True, Typically, two groups are used in an experiment, and one is contrasted with the other. The experimental group is the first group, and the control group is the second.
The independent variable that is being tested for is altered for the experimental group because they are given the test sample or go through the experimental process.
The independent variable is held constant for a control group because they do not participate in any experimental testing. On the basis of the aforementioned data, it can be deduced that the rats in the experiment are divided into two groups: those that get leptin are the experimental group, and those who receive no treatment are the control group.
To learn more about use of control and treatment groups in scientific experiments. Click, https://brainly.com/question/15560909
#SPJ4
Which part of your bone has the important function of storing minerals?
Answer:
Spongy bone
Its the soft, inner layer of your bones. It's full of holes where bone marrow can fit.
Select the correct answer.
A stream of water holds thriving bacteria. If drought conditions caused the stream to dry up, how would the bacteria mostly likely respond to survive?
A.
They would learn how to photosynthesize.
B.
They would produce more peptidoglycan.
C.
They would secrete more polysaccharides.
D.
They would produce endospores.
You are studying a gene that, when mutant, causes oligodendrocytes to enwrap sections of axon so that nodes of ranvier are more closely spaced. What is the likely effect on nerve impulses?.
In gene a mutant, causes oligodendrocytes to enwrap sections of axon so that nodes of ranvier are more closely spaced then they will travel slower.
The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity is a gene. DNA constitutes gene. Some genes serve as instructions for producing molecules known as proteins. Many genes, however, do not code for proteins. From a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases, human genes can range in size. Between 20,000 and 25,000 genes are thought to be present in humans, according to the Human Genome Project, a multinational scientific project that aimed to decipher the human genome's sequence and catalog its genes.
Each gene is present in two copies in every person, one from each parent. Less than 1% of all genes are slightly variable from person to person, but the majority of genes are the same in all people.
Learn more about Gene here:
https://brainly.com/question/8832859
#SPJ4
What are organisms that can produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis?.
Answer:
Any kind of plant, really!
Explanation:
Plants pursue photosynthesis. Cactuses, Roses, Sunflowers, succulents!
what are menisci (articular discs)? what are menisci (articular discs)? cavities lined with cartilage wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity tendon sheaths small sacs containing synovial fluid
Menisci (articular discs) are the: (1) cavities lined with cartilage wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity.
Cartilage is the connective tissue. It acts as a shock absorber therefore protects the bones and muscles. It is a very strong yet soft and flexible tissue. The cells that make up the cartilage are called chondrocytes. There are three types of cartilage. These are: hyaline, fibro and elastic.
Synovial cavity is the space between two bones. It is filled with a fluid called synovial fluid. Almost all the joints contain synovial cavity. The function of the cavity and fluid is to lubricate the ends of the bone and therefore protect them any wear or tear.
To know more about cartilage, here
brainly.com/question/15455830
#SPJ1
A molecule contains 3 atoms. It has 1 triple bond and 1 single bond. There are no lone pairs on any of the atoms. How many rheds are within the molecule?.
One rhed (region of high electron density) is in a molecule that contains 3 atoms that has 1 triple bond, 1 single bond and no lone pairs on any of the atoms.
Higher electron density indicates that a part of the molecular structure, such as resonance or inductive processes, is moving the negative charge toward an atom or group of atoms in the molecule. A reduced electron density in an atom or group indicates that a feature of the molecular structure is dispersing negative charge. Triple and double bonds are included in the list of high electron density regions. One area of high electron density is an unpaired electron. You can employ any of the resonance structures for molecules or ions that have them. There is only one area of high electron density in a molecule with three atoms, one triple bond, one single bond, and no lone pairs on any of the atoms.
To learn more about atoms and molecules, Click https://brainly.com/question/20844853
#SPJ4
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA molecules?
A. A double stranded helix, a phosphate group, and a hexose sugar
B. A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
C. A nitrogenous base, an amino acid, and a pentose sugar
D. A single stranded helix, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
Answer:
B. A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
How does a substance cross the cell membrane in diffusion?
In diffusion substance move from a region of high concentration to a region in low concentration.
Diffusion is an essential process in cells. They need glucose and oxygen for respiration, which move into them by diffusion. Respiration produces carbon dioxide and water which leave cells by diffusion.
Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules under a concentration gradient. Diffusion helps in the movement of substances in and out of the cells.
Osmosis is a type of simple diffusion in which water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of lower water concentration.
To learn more about Diffusion , here
brainly.com/question/24746577
#SPJ1
which type of control is described by a process that blocks the production of mrna? this would occur when the cell simply doesn't synthesize the enzymes needed for metabolite consumption.
Gene expression can be described as the type of control that blocks the production of mRNA.
Gene expression can be described as the ability of a gene to be transcribed and translated. The expression of a gene depends on the requirement of the protein that it forms in the body.
If a protein that is synthesized by a particular gene is already present in enough amounts in the body, then the gene expression needs to be stopped. This can be done by blocking the synthesis of mRNA. If mRNA synthesis is blocked, the no ore proteins that were being formed from the expression of that gene will be able to form.
To learn more about gene expression, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/20682055
#SPJ4
if all humans have the same genes, then what makes each person unique?
Answer: The combination of all of your variants make up the 0.1% difference in your DNA—the part of your DNA that makes you unique from everyone else—and helps give you a unique sequence.
Explanation: The gene copies are different when the nucleotide sequence differs in at least one site. For instance, a gene copy contains the A nucleotide in a specific location, while the other copy has the G nucleotide in the same place. We say that this person has two different alleles in the same location.
People differ in so many ways; in their genetic make-up, sociocultural backgrounds, attitudes, the way they speak, listen, learn, behave, act and react.
If this helped please mark me as the brainliest answer <3
How is heartworm transmitted, diagnosed, treated and prevented?
In the United States and many other countries across the world, heartworm illness in pets is a serious and potentially fatal condition.
What is heartworm disease?Pets are susceptible to heartworm illness, which is caused by foot-long worms (heartworms) that live locally in the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. These worms injure other bodily organs as well as causing heart failure and serious lung illness.
Other mammal species, like wolves, coyotes, foxes, sea lions, and, in very rare circumstances, humans, can also be home to heartworms. Dogs, cats, and ferrets are all effected by heartworm illness.
Due to their frequent proximity to cities, wild animals like foxes and coyotes are important disease vectors.
Therefore, In the United States and many other countries across the world, heartworm illness in pets is a serious and potentially fatal condition.
To learn more about heartworm, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14055200
#SPJ1
a water molecule is added to an atp molecule to break down atp into adp and a phosphate group. write the chemical equation that represents this reaction.
The chemical equation for the reaction when a water molecule is added to an atp molecule to break down atp into adp and a phosphate group is H2O + ATP -> ADP + Pi
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that can store chemical energy in high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. These bonds can be split to release chemical energy, for example in muscles. This process is known as ATP hydrolysis. The end result is an inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (Pi). Another inorganic phosphate, energy, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) can all be produced from ADP by additional hydrolysis (Pi). The final step in converting food- or sun-derived energy into useful activities like muscle contraction, creating electrochemical gradients across membranes, and biosynthetic processes required for maintaining life, is ATP hydrolysis.
To learn more about Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Click, https://brainly.com/question/822370
#SPJ4
What best describes mitochondrial dna (mtDNA)?
which of these steps in the retrovirus life cycle are correct? i. viral mrna is transcribed from the integrated proviral dna. ii. single-stranded viral dna is integrated into the dna of the host chromosome. iii. reverse transcriptase synthesizes a second strand from the dna copy. iv. capsid breaks down; resolvase synthesizes a dna copy of the viral rna.
Retrovirus has capability to synthesize sized single DNA from RNA template by the help of reverse transcriptase enzyme, that's why it is called retrovirus.
First, Capsid is broken down and released. Second, released viral RNA and ready to work as a temple for single strand DNA synthesis, these DNA enter within the host. Third, single strand DNA is integrated into the host chromosome. Fourth, viral m-RNA is transcribed from the Retrovirus DNA by using host machinery, along with this third step, reverse transcriptase enzymes synthesize second strand from DNA copy and virus store these genetic material as a viral genome.
To learn more about Retrovirus click here:
https://brainly.com/question/1553537
#SPJ4
what is associated with secreting chemicals that kill invading organisms and infected cells? humoral immunity b-lymphocytes cell-mediated immunity both a and b
The correct answer is option B: b-lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes are associated with secreting chemicals that kill invading organisms and infected cells.
B-lymphocytes are also called effectors as they kick out the invaders from the body. These are also known as protective cells, plasma cells, and effector B-cells.
In general, B-lymphocyte cells release chemicals called antibodies which are used as protective shields against harmful invading bacteria.
Their defensive mechanism is based on attachment or binding to the invaders i.e. bacteria and viruses and killing them and eliminating them instantly from the body before they cause any harm.
Moreover, these cells also prevent the proliferation of harmful microbes inside the body.
If you want to learn more about b-lymphocytes click here:
https://brainly.com/question/27076742
#SPJ4