The chemical byproduct of fermentation in people is lactic acid.
How does fermentation work?In addition to bacteria and yeast, mammalian muscles also undergo fermentation. The mechanism that breaks down glucose is anaerobic.
Procedures in Fermentation:In an anaerobic environment, glucose is partially oxidised by yeast. In this process, pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some bacteria employ lactic acid fermentation to convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid.
The glucose or 6-carbon molecule is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and then 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
During this process, NAD+ is changed into NADH+H+.
When phosphoenol pyruvic acid and 3-phosphoglyceric acid interact,
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reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme
Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumour microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression through upregulation of the interferon (IFN)—inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of a predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO).
It is unclear whether these effects are caused by Trp depletion in the TME or are mediated by the accumulation of a IDO1 and/or TDO (hereby referred to it as IDO1/TDO) product kynurenine (Kyn)5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. We show that giving a pharmacologically optimised enzyme (PEGylated kynureninase; abbreviated as PEG-KYNase) which it degrades Kyn in to the immunologically inert, nontoxic, and easily cleared metabolites inhibits tumour growth. The use of enzymes was linked to an increase in tumour infiltration as well as proliferation of polyfunctional CD8+ lymphocytes.
When combined with approved checkpoint inhibitors or a cancer vaccine, PEG-KYNase administration had significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of large B16-F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma, or CT26 colon carcinoma tumours. PEG-KYNase prolonged Kyn depletion in the TME and reversed this same modulatory effect.
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x. There is no digestion of starch in the stomach because:
A the stomach contains hydrochloric acid.
B peristalsis is taking place.
C the stomach does not secrete a starch-digesting enzyme.
D salivary amylase does not work in acid conditions.
Answer:
C the stomach does not secrete a starch-digesting enzyme.
:)
protein folding none of the responses are correct is completed by the time the protein is released from the ribosome is govern solely by the chemistry of the protein is completed when the polypeptide chain folds around itself
Disulfide bridges add additional stability to the 3-D structure and are often required for correct protein folding and function.
a. What type of cross did Mendel perform which lead to his "traits don't blend" discovery?
Answer:
He crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants.
Explanation:
Recently had this on one of my quizzes :)
Mendel crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants.
What was Mendel's law?Mendel's first law is the law of segregation in which during gamete formation each member of a gamete pair separates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete.
The second law of Mendel is the law of independent assortment which describes how alleles of different genes independently segregate from each other during the formation of gametes.
Mendel's third law was the law of inheritance which states that the separation of an allele pair into two daughter cells during the second phase of meiosis does not affect the way in which the other allele pair separates or segregates.
Mendel's laws are important because they allow us to understand how characters are inherited and what determines the phenotypes that are obtained by different individuals. When Mendel crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants, these traits don't blend during his discovery.
Thus, Mendel crossed pure bred green seeded and pure bred yellow seeded plants.
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Explain each of the following phenomena and how they extend our understanding of genetics from the work done by Gregor Mendel and classical Mendelian inheritance patterns. Provide a real-world example of each:Incomplete DominanceCo-DominancePleiotropyEpistasisPolygenic InheritanceSex LinkageGene linkage
Incomplete- when heterozygous(CwCr) produces 3rd different phenotype(in this case, pink)
Co-Dominance- When heterozygous displays BOTH homozygous conditions.(blood type iAiB displays BOTH A and B carbohydrates)
Multiple alleles- More than 2 alleles for a single gene(blood has i ia ib)
Polygenic inheritance - When more than one gene contributes to expression of a particular trait.
Controlled variable - the variable that is kept the same during a scientific experiment.
We want to investigate the correlation between the light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis.
We can adjust the amount of light intensity by moving the lamp near or far from the aquatic plant.
We can also measure the amount of gas produced by photosynthesis in one minute.
(1) What is the independent variable in this experiment?
(2) What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
(3) What are the controlled variables in this experiment?
(4) What will be observed if the photosynthesis is happening more slowly?
I (5) What can you conclude from this experiment?
1. Independent variable = light intensity
2. Dependent variable = rate of photosynthesis
3. Controlled variables a= other variables - independent and dependent
4. Low amount of gas will be produced
5. Light intensity has a correlation with the rate of photosynthesis
Experimental variables in photosynthesisDuring photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbohydrates in the presence of solar radiation. The process in specific to green plants only and oxygen is evolved as a by-product. The higher the amount of oxygen produced, the higher the rate of photosynthesis.
Independent variables in experiments are the variables supplied directly by the experimenter which can be manipulated to see if it produces any effect or outcome.
The dependent variables are variables that measure the effect of the independent variable.
The remaining variables apart from dependent and independent variables are controlled variables.
From the experiment investigating the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, all other things being constant, the more the light intensity, the more the rate of photosynthesis.
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Frank has Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) His mother has normal skin, but his father has anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; X-linked condition where the skin does not contain sweat glands. Frank has patches of normal skin and patches of skin without sweat glands_ Complete the sentences_ Some answers may be used more than once Or not at all:
Frank received the mutant chromosome from his father. Nondisjunction occurred in his father during the father meiotic division.
Hyperhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is indeed a genetic disorder caused by mutations in one or more genes. EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, as well as WNT10A are examples. The most major reason of the disorder is EDA gene mutations, which make up more than half of any and all cases.
Nondisjunction would have happened during meiosis I. Because at that point, the chromosomes (rather than chromatids) separate. Both XY chromatids would've have gone into the a single cell during separation. So, during meiosis II, when XY chromosome sperm fuses with X chromosome egg, the daughter cell will have a XXY genotype, which really is klinefelter syndrome. Some notable examples include: Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of autosomes, specifically chromosome 21. It has an extra chromosome 21.
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Genes A and B are farther apart than genes A and C, and all three genes are linked. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from this information? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY Gene Cmight be between genes A and B. Gene B might be between genes A and C. Gene A might be between genes B and C. More crossovers will occur between genes A and C than between A and B More crossovers will occur between genes A and B than between genes A and C.
The following conclusions could be drawn from this information:
a) Gene C might be between genes A and B.
c) Gene A might be between genes C and B.
e) More crossovers will occur between genes A and B than between genes A and C
When two genes are located closer to each other on a chromosome and are passed down as a single unit. Then, those genes are referred to as linked genes. Genes are considered linked if their recombination frequency is less than 50%.
Given that the A and B genes are further apart than the C and A genes, the sequence could consist of A, C, and B genes. Option E is correct; the C gene may be situated between the A and B genes.
it is possible that A and B genes are further apart than A and C genes, indicating that A and B genes are further apart than A and C genes. Crossovers are more likely to occur between genes that are further apart. Because the distance between the A and B genes and the C genes is greater, there will be more crossover between the A and B genes than there is between the C and A genes. B is incorrect, whereas A is correct.
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fi the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, what would a student expect to see? a) pink helical cells b) purple rod shaped cells c) red spherical cells d) blue coiled cells
If the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, the student is expected to see Purple rod shaped cells.
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that show a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is typically used to quickly characterize bacteria into two broad categories based on cell wall type. Gram-positive bacilli (rods) are classified based on their capability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are rods that produce spores. Spore-forming rods can survive in harsh surroundings for many years.
Although gram-negative bacteria are more difficult to eradicate, gram-positive bacteria could still lead to problems. Many species cause disease and necessitate the use of specific antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are those that remain purple. Gram-negative bacteria turn pink or red when exposed to light.
Gram-positive bacteria are those with a thick cell wall. They have a purple or blue appearance. This is because the cell wall retains the color of the staining technique
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Mark all examples of evolutionary adaptation:
Group of answer choices
O the cryptic appearance of the moth Abrostola trigemina, which looks like a broken twig.
O the long, broad wings of the red-tailed hawk that allow it to sustain a gliding flight over open country while it searches for prey with its keen eyes.
O the rounded body shape of the sargassum crab which resembles the floats of the brown alga Sargassum in which it lives.
O the appearance of the leafy sea dragon (a sea horse) which looks so much like the kelp (seaweed) in which it lives that it lures prey into the seeming safety of the kelp forest and then eats them.
There are many examples of evolutionary adaptation that can be seen in nature. These adaptations help organisms to survive in their environment by camouflaging themselves from predators, gaining advantages in the search for prey, and blending in with the background.
Evolutionary adaptation is the process by which organisms become adapted to their environment. Examples of evolutionary adaptations can be seen in many organisms, from moths to hawks and from crabs to sea horses.
One example is the cryptic appearance of the moth Abrostola trigemina, which looks like a broken twig. This helps the moth to hide from predators, as its camouflage will make it difficult to be detected.
Another example is the long, broad wings of the red-tailed hawk. These wings allow the hawk to maintain gliding flight over open country so that it can search for prey with its keen eyes.
A third example is the rounded body shape of the sargassum crab, which resembles the floats of the brown alga Sargassum in which it lives. This body shape helps the crab to blend in with its environment and stay hidden from predators.
The final example is the appearance of the leafy sea dragon, which looks so much like the kelp (seaweed) in which it lives that it lures prey into the seeming safety of the kelp forest and then eats them. This is an excellent example of a type of camouflage called 'mimicry', where an organism takes on the appearance of something else in its environment in order to deceive predators.
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Te enzyme trypsin aids in protein digestion in the small intestine. Te relative
activity of trypsin at diferent pH values is shown in Figure 1.
Which of the following statements best explains the activity levels of trypsin shown
in Figure 1?
(A) The small intestine releases inhibitor molecules that block the activity of
trypsin unless it is at its optimum pH.
(B) The number of efective collisions between trypsin and its substrate increase
at higher pH values.
(C) As pH values increase, the substrate concentration decreases, leading to an
eventual decline in the rate of the trypsin-catalyzed reaction.
(D) At extremely low pH values, trypsin is denatured and cannot function
efciently
The statement that best explains the activity levels of trypsin in Figure 1 is (D) At extremely low pH values, trypsin is denatured and cannot function
efficiently.
Figure 1 shows the activity levels of trypsin, a protease enzyme of small intestine, as a function of pH.
The data indicates that trypsin is most active in moderate pH ranges, between 6 and 8, where it exhibits its highest activity levels. However, as the pH values become more acidic or basic, the activity of trypsin decreases significantly.
At extremely low pH values, trypsin is denatured and cannot function efficiently. This is evidenced by the sharp drop in activity at pH levels below 4.
Therefore, the statement that best explains the activity levels of trypsin in Figure 1 is (D).
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13. How do babies get their homologous pairs of chromosomes, if an egg and sperm are only haploid (23
chromosomes)?
Answer:
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, has a complete set of homologous pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother's egg and one set inherited from the father's sperm. This happens because the egg and sperm each contain only one copy of each chromosome, rather than the full set of two copies that are found in the cells of the body. When the egg and sperm fuse, the resulting zygote has a full complement of chromosomes, with one copy of each chromosome from each parent.
Answer:
When a sperm and egg join during fertilization, the egg and sperm contribute their haploid set of chromosomes to form a diploid zygote. The haploid sets of chromosomes pair to form homologous pairs, with one chromosome in the team coming from the mother and the other from the father.
Explanation:
Which of the following is the name of the temporary connecting blood vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetal heart?
During fetal development, the ductus arteriosus serves as a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
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A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions ( + H ). Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of adding the chemical to plant cells?
- The plant cells will produce less NADPH.
- The chloroplasts will generate less ATP.
- Chlorophyll will require less light energy to excite its electrons.
- The plant cells will split fewer water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen.
A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions then the chloroplasts will generate less ATP, which is present in the second option.
What is the function of the hydrogen ions in the chloroplast?The hydrogen ion gradient is formed when an electron passes from one complex to another, resulting in a higher concentration of hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid, which forms ATP when it passes through the ATP synthase and if the membrane becomes permeable, the gradient is not formed, resulting in less ATP.
Hence, a researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions then the chloroplasts will generate less ATP, which is present in the second option.
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Superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of ___ stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual
Superantigen type toxins lead to the release of excessive amounts of cytokines stimulating a hyperactive immune response that can lead to shock and death in the affected individual.
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), also known as cytokine storm or cytokine-associated toxicity, is a condition that occurs when your immune system overreacts to infection. It can also occur following particular types of immunotherapy, example CAR T-Cell Therapy.
Cytokines are classified into several types, which include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factor. Cytokines can act alone, in groups, or against one another, but their primary function would be to help manage the immune response.
Cytokine storm occurs when the body's immune system produces an excessive amount of inflammatory signals. This can result in severe symptoms, including organ dysfunction and death in some instances. Cytokine storm symptoms tend to involve confusion, breathlessness, lethargy, and others.
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After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams
mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustratesanswer choices:
source amnesia.
proactive interference.
the self-reference effect.
flashbulb memory.
After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates source amnesia.
The incapability to recollect where, when, or how one acquired and retained knowledge is referred to as source amnesia.
Except in the case of amnesiacs, studies indicate that source amnesia appears to result from poor memory decoding process of a specific context rather than poor collection of a context-specific memory. This is because information and circumstances must be encoded together in order for the two to be incorporated into memory. Source amnesia is often connected to frontal lobe pathology.
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List three characteristics of tropical rain forests.
Answer:
Tropical rain forests are characterized by:
High humidity and rainfall: Tropical rain forests are characterized by high humidity and high rainfall, typically receiving more than 200 cm (80 inches) of rain per year. This high rainfall is due to the presence of warm, moist air that is constantly being carried inland from the oceans by trade winds.
Dense vegetation: Tropical rain forests are characterized by dense vegetation, including a wide variety of trees, vines, and other plants. The canopy of the rain forest, made up of the tops of the tallest trees, can be up to 50 meters (165 feet) above the ground.
High species diversity: Tropical rain forests are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. These ecosystems are thought to contain more than half of all the species of plants, animals, and insects on the planet.
In addition to these characteristics, tropical rain forests are also characterized by their location, which is typically within the equatorial region of the planet, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
this grapelike out-pouching lined with epithelium and supported by a thin, elastic basement membrane is the site where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
In the lungs, alveolus gas exchange takes place. when the site is a grapelike out-pouching that is epithelium-lined and supported by a thin, elastic basement membrane.
What illness causes bronchial constriction that causes wheezing and shortness of breath?Asthma or bronchial asthma is a lung condition. Excess mucus constricts and swells your airways, obstructing them. These symptoms may respond well to medication.
Which airways are able to constrict and dilate because they have smooth muscle in their walls but lack cartilage?While respiratory bronchioles are supported by cartilage, bronchioles have smooth muscle but no cartilage in their walls.
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The diagram summarizes the steps of photosynthesis inside chloroplasts. IF a chloroplast does not have enough hydrogen ions, which event will happen first?
• A. A decrease in the production of sugar
• B. An increase in the amount of chlorophyll
• C. An increase in the rate of the Calvin cycle
D. A decrease in the rate of the light reactions
If a chloroplast does not have enough hydrogen ions, there will be a decrease in the production of sugar that is present in Option A because glucose production needs lots of ATP.
What is the importance of the hydrogen ions?
The hydrogen ion gradient is generated when the electrons move in the light reaction through the different complexes, and then these ions move from the inside of the matrix to the outside and generate ATP with the help of ATP synthase. If hydrogen ions are absent, then ATP can't be formed and glucose synthesis is hampered.
Hence, if a chloroplast does not have enough hydrogen ions, there will be a decrease in the production of sugar that is present in Option A because glucose production needs lots of ATP.
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Answer:D
Explanation:I just had that question
which of the following best describes the component that metformin represents in a signal transduction pathway that regulates glucose production in the liver?
Metformin is a ligand that activates the signal transduction pathway of the activation of AMPK that regulates glucose production in the liver.
Metformin activates muscle AMPK and promotes glucose uptake.
Incubation of secluded muscles with metformin influenced in an increase in the activity of both catalytic subunits of AMPK.
At the molecular position, metformin inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity( via effects on fat metabolism) and lowering cAMP, therefore reducing the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. The centre of metformin's mechanism of action is the remodeling of the energy metabolism of the cell. Metformin exerts its prevailing, glucose- lowering effect by constraining hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon.
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. Look up current ocean pH values. How do the current values compare to those from previous years? ((my answer: 8.1 pH today and 8.2 pH previously (slightly basic with a 0.1 pH drop). This represents a 25% increase in acidity over the last 2 centuries.)). Next, consider what you have just learned about algae and how the chemistry of the indicator used in the experiments you just performed works. Hypothesize why oceans are at their current pH. How is the pH of the ocean changing and why? How might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean?
Might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean in lost of biodiversity.
What happens when the pH changes?There are some living things that are so sensible of changing of temperature or pH, in this way some plants, animals or protozoa can die, in this way the food chain that they belong would be different, affecting another living things.In this case or at the end it can be the result of lost of biodiversity.
This represents a 25% increase in acidity over the last 2 centuries.)). Next, consider what you have just learned about algae and how the chemistry of the indicator used in the experiments you just performed works.
Therefore, Might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean in lost of biodiversity.
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7. Calculate the calories of the following foods
a. 200 g of cheese, whose composition is: 28% protein, 36% lipids and 0.3% carbohydrates
b. 300 g of meat that have 23.5% protein and 20.4% lipids
A. calories from 28% protein 36% lipids and 0.3% carbohydrates from 200g cheese are : 224 kcal, 648 kcal and 2.4 kcal respectively while, the total calorie is 874.4 kcal.
B. calories from 23.5% protein and 20.4% lipids in 300 g of meat are: 282 kcal and 550.8 kcal respectively while, the total calorie is 832.8 kcal.
What is calorie?Calories are a measure of energy. Two primary definitions of "calorie" are frequently used due to historical factors. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius is known as a big calorie, food calorie, or kilogram calorie.How is calorie calculated? By burning the meal, calories are not calculated in this approach directly. Instead, the sum of the calories delivered by the energy-containing nutrients—protein, carbohydrate, fat, and alcohol—is used to determine the total caloric value.For more information on calorie kindly visit on
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The types of bonds formed between monomers of macromolecules contribute to the function of that particular macromolecule. which of the following statements best pairs the type of bonding with the contribution to function of the macromolecule described?
Long chains of amino acids connected by amide bonds form the building blocks of peptides and proteins, which are macromolecules. A peptide's or protein's primary amino acid sequence within its structure determines both its identification and its purpose.
What are macromolecules' primary uses?Macromolecules are enormous molecules that fill a cell and give it vital life-sustaining functions. For instance, macromolecules offer structural support, a way to store energy, and the capacity to store and access genetic data.
What do food macromolecules do?Large molecules known as macromolecules are produced when monomers, or tiny units, are polymerized. The majority of macromolecules are found in commonplace items like food. Biological macromolecules come in a variety of forms, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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In a karyotype, ____________ are photographed, and then the images- paired. From this information, and we can study them to learn about_________________.
a. mutations, molecular structure of a chromosome.
b. traits, eye and hair color of an organisms
c. chromosomes, the number, size and shape of chromosomes in a cell.
d. genes, genes that are present in a particular strand of DNA
e. gametes, medical history of an individual.
Answer:
C.chromosomes,the number,size and shape of chromosomes in a cell
Explanation:
karyotype is a photographed complete set of chromosomes present in individual cell, where chromosomes are arranged based on their size.
it is done mainly to know about chromosomal disorders present in a individual
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PLEASE HELP! Why is it possible that the oxygen and carbon dioxide on earth will never be used up in regard to photosynthesis and respiration?
Answer:
This is because the process of photosynthesis and respiration is a cycle, meaning that the oxygen and carbon dioxide are constantly being exchanged and reused. Oxygen is produced from photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide is produced from respiration. This cycle is self-sustaining, so the oxygen and carbon dioxide on Earth will never be completely used up.
Explanation:
which of the following is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life? group of answer choices replication of primitive genes formation of polypeptide spheres formation of organic polymers formation of simple organic molecules
Formation of organic monomers such as amino acids is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life.
Single monomers do not exist in amino acids. They are basic compounds with an amino group and a carboxylic acid group confined to the same molecule. Instead, amino acids are protein monomers, which are long chains of amino acids joined together by amide bonds.
Protein—A large organic molecule with a complex structure. Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids.
Because they contain carbon, amino acids are organic monomers. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are common amino acid elements. Some amino acids contain other elements, such as sulfur.
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According to the modernization model (and the associated perspective known as the
"culture of poverty"), why is the world system unequal?
Please help! Some organisms like squirrels will give a warning call if a predator is near. Why do squirrels do this if they threaten their own existence?
The group's chances of survival can be improved and danger can be avoided as a result. While calling out a warning might put one squirrel in danger, the advantages of alerting the rest of the group
The definition of organism:
A living human, plant, or animal is a single living entity that depends on other living things to carry out its functions. organismic.
How does it become an organism?
An organism is a thing that has life in it. Molecules are the essential building blocks of both living and non-living objects. However, a living thing can be identified from an inanimate object by its unique characteristics. For instance, an organism is made up of one or more cells.
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Explain the three stages of cellular respiration 
There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis; the citric acid (TCA) or the Krebs cycle; and the electron transport chain, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen, while glycolysis can occur in anaerobic conditions.
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An expanse of sea away from land
The Sea is the name given to the body of salt water that encircles all of the land masses on Earth and covers the majority of its surface.
What Is the sea ?
The Sea is the name given to the body of salt water that encircles all of the land masses on Earth and covers the majority of its surface. Sea refers to the portion of the ocean that is partly encircled by land. There are also situations, like the Caspian Sea, when the sea is entirely landlocked.
What Is an Ocean ?
A large portion of a planet's hydrosphere is made up of oceans. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface. The Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Antarctic Ocean are the world's five oceans.
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The correct question is -
Difference expanse of sea away from land.