The Go' for the reaction Citrate  Isocitrate is +6.64 kJmol-1 . The Go' for the reaction Isocitrate  α-Ketoglutarate is -267 kJmol-1 . Calculate the Go' for the conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate?

Answer:

Living things have a variety of characteristics that are displayed to different degrees: they respire, move, respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow, and are dependent on their environment.

Explanation:

Understanding human biology is crucial for biologists. People can be kept healthy and effective medicine can be developed by researchers thanks to our understanding of how the human body functions.

which researches various illnesses and how they impact both human and animal bodies. It can also be used to create or find novel treatments for ailments for which there are no existing drugs.

Since both biology and society are emergent systems, ongoing research is required to comprehend how they are changing. In order to comprehend how they are evolving, it is necessary to study the two unavoidable biological need for existence and reproduction in a dialectical manner.

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Using chemical energy that has been saved as a result of the light-dependent reactions, the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) "fix" CO2 and produce a substance that can be turned into glucose. The assembly of a glucose molecule is the ultimate goal of the Calvin cycle, often known as light-independent processes.

In the stroma of the chloroplast, the light independent process—also known as the dark reactions or Calvin-Benson cycle—happens. To create carbohydrates, carbon dioxide undergoes a sequence of chemical processes. ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent process provide the energy needed for these processes.

Fixation, reduction, and regeneration are the three fundamental phases that make up the light-independent processes, also referred to as the Calvin cycle.

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The author use logos to support the argument made in Save the Coral Reefs by providing scientific evidence that humans are destroying coral reefs.

Using justifications, logos are literary devices that denote claims that persuade the reader of a particular idea.

In the essay "Save the Coral Reefs," the author employed logos to back up his claim by offering sufficient scientific evidence to prove that people are to blame for coral reef devastation.

He had explained the methods by which humans quickly damage coral reefs.

He produced this essay to persuade readers that coral reefs need to be preserved in order to protect the marine ecology.

Complete question:

How does the author use logos to support the argument made in Save the Coral Reefs?

A) by evoking in readers a sense of sympathy for the reefs being destroyed

B) by helping readers relate to the species that depend on the reefs to survive

C) by reporting observations of the reefs from personal scientific research

D) by providing scientific evidence that humans are destroying coral reefs

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Answer: Because these traits are more desirable their more likely to mate, and reproduce because they can outcompete the other plants for water soil and nutrition.

Explanation: Think of it like this, the strong take what they want and the weak don't get a say. In nature this involves food and water so the weak die off from starvation or get eaten and so they don't get a chance to reproduce. The strong who survive do reproduce and so there traits get passed down while the weak die off

The environment favors those individuals with the best phenotypes for survival, correctly identifies how natural selection causes a change in species.

The evidence-based scientific notion of evolution through natural selection best explains the immense diversity of living creatures on Earth. Natural selection is the process by which particular hereditary qualities are preferred within a population, such as the color of a fish, a person's height, or the form of a leaf.

A population is a collection of creatures that mate and reproduce together. Thousands of years of selecting forces have produced the forms, colors, sizes, and behaviors that improve organism survival and reproductive success in their habitat of origin.

Survival long enough to transmit genetic material on to progeny is referred to as evolutionary fitness and success. Traits that are handed on to children because they help them succeed are "chosen for continuation." Traits that are removed from the population because they are detrimental to success are referred to as "selected against continuation."

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The horseshoe crab is an example of a living fossil because of (c) there are fossils of extinct ancestors of horseshoe crabs, and the species is still alive today.

They have remained essentially unaltered for approximately 445 million years, horseshoe crabs are believed to be living fossils. In most cases, they are not crabs, and neither lobsters nor crabs are particularly linked to them. The horseshoe crab shares a tight relationship with other arachnids and spiders.

In general, there are four different species of horseshoe crabs that are alive today, but the species known as Limulus polyphemus is the only one that can be discovered in North America. It can be found all the way from Maine to Mexico on the coasts of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. So the correct option is (c).

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c. a large, genetically diverse population is the advantages for reducing genetic bottleneck effects.

Specicide, widespread violence or purposeful culling, human population planning, and other human actions such as famine, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts can all cause population bottlenecks.

Population bottlenecks can also occur owing to genetic bottlenecks. As a result, a smaller population with less genetic variety is left to transmit genes to future generations of offspring through sexual reproduction. Such events can limit the variation in a population's gene pool.

Only when gene flow from another group happens or very slowly over time as random mutations take place, genetic diversity rises, but it still remains lower. As a result, the population becomes less resilient and less able to tolerate certain environmental changes, like a change in the climate or a change in the resources that are available.

The frequency of the more fit genes inside the gene pool is raised while the pool itself is diminished, on the other hand, if the bottleneck survivors are those with the highest genetic fitness.

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Important constituents are also present in plasma. These also include antibodies and coagulation components like albumin and fibrinogen. When you donate blood, medical personnel can remove these crucial components from your plasma.

Plasma contains 91% to 92% water and 8% to 9% solids. Coagulants, notably fibrinogen, aid in blood clotting, which is what it mostly consists of. Two plasma proteins, albumin and globulin, help to maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure at 25 mmHg.

Plasma proteins come in more than 100 different varieties, however they may be divided into three fractions: plasma albumin, plasma globulin, and fibrinogen.

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tRNAs with the TTT anticodon recognize the AAA codon, which codes for lysine.

An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence that is complementary to a matching codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and is found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.

When translated, an mRNA codon is a triplet or triple-nucleotide sequence that specifies an amino acid. The anticodon, a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA, binds to the proper mRNA sequence. Which amino acid is provided by the tRNA molecule is determined by the anticodon sequence. One amino acid and one anticodon are carried by each tRNA. The cellular machinery recognises that the proper amino acid is available to be supplied to the developing protein when the anticodon successfully couples with an mRNA codon.

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Rough ER have ribosomes which smooth ER does not have.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a series of connected flattened sacs that form part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and play an important role in protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum can be smooth or rough, and its function is generally to produce proteins that allow the rest of the cell to function. Ribosomes, which are small, round organelles that make proteins, are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in a variety of metabolic processes. It produces lipids, phospholipids (as found in plasma membranes), and steroids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that secrete these products, such as those found in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands.

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Hormone gastrin released in response of vagus nerve, food in stomach.

A hormone is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.

Hormones are are the body's chemical messengers, sending signals into the bloodstream and tissues. Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including growth and development, metabolism.

Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

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The nucleus of the cell organizes DNA. The nucleus contains structures resembling threads; Chromosomes are the more compact form of these structures.

In a eukaryotic cell, the most obvious organelle is the nucleus. It houses the cell's chromosomes and is where practically all DNA replication and RNA union happens. The nuclear envelope, a membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, is spherical in shape. In their nuclei, each cell has a nearly identical copy of our DNA. However, because DNA molecules can stretch to a length of more than six feet, they are packed and arranged in a very specific way to fit in the tiny nucleus. Before cell division takes place, centrioles help organize the chromosomes, ensuring that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes.

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Reproducing in water makes getting sperm to egg much easier for snails, whereas on land it is much more difficult to get sperm to egg.

The majority of gastropods (snails) have internal fertilization, but some prosobranch species that have external fertilization.

Freshwater snail species are separately sexed. Males fertilize the female through copulation, and females attach their eggs directly to firm, clean substrates such as a rocks, logs, or aquatic vegetation in shallow water.

Aquatic snails have two tentacles whereas land snails have four. Eyes are located at the tips in land snails and at the base in aquatic snails.

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DNA is made up of chromosomes, which are made up of genes, which are made up of nucleotides.

What is DNA?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of two strands of nucleotides, which are linked together in a specific sequence. The sequence of these nucleotides contains information about the organism, including how it looks, how it functions, and how it develops.

What are Genes?

Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for producing proteins or RNA molecules that are necessary for the development and functioning of an organism. The genetic code contained within genes is used to determine the characteristics of an organism and is passed down from parent to offspring.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, and they come in four different varieties called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for the production of proteins, which are the building blocks of an organism. Chromosomes contain hundreds or even thousands of genes and are made up of both DNA and proteins.

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The statement which best describes how enzyme function in the body is Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

Enzymes are essential components found in living things. Enzymes play a huge role in our bodies; from making ATP to processing our food, proteins assume a crucial part in keeping us alive.

Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction are known as enzymes. During the reaction, enzymes are not used up, but they can be used again.

Because enzymes are specific, the substrate on which they operate is also specific. They are not generally working on any substrate that is available.

Additionally, enzymes operate best in a specific temperature and pH range. This reach differs from one chemical to another.

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(complete question)

Which statement best describes how enzyme function in the body?

Group of answer choice

Enzyme lower the activation energy of reaction

Enzyme are converted into product by the reaction they catalyze

One enzyme can catalyze many different reaction

An enzyme i ued once and then detroyed by the cell

Intervertebral foramina. The opening between the spinal canal (brain) and the outside world is known as the intervertebral foramen. At all levels of the spine, situated between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.

The limits of the intervertebral foramen have been described using a variety of classification techniques. The nerve roots depart the spine through the intervertebral foramina, which serve as "exit pathways," and branch out to all regions of the body. Nerve signals could not get from the brain to the rest of the body without the foramen. The body would not be able to operate without nerve messages. The paravertebral space is where the thoracic nerve roots leave the intervertebral foramina.

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Animals with radial symmetry have only top and bottom surfaces; they lack front and rear surfaces as well as left and right sides.

The "oral side" and the "non-oral side" can be used to describe the two parts of a radial symmetry animal ("aboral side"). Animals can be categorized based on a variety of physical traits, including body covering, body form, appendages, and mode of movement. Body covering includes things like hair, fur, feathers, scales, and shells (e.g., walking, crawling, flying, swimming). Fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds make up the five main groups that make up the phylum chordata (animals having backbones). All bilateral animal have an internal cavity or digestive system, and this cavity's tissue is produced from endoderm, the animal embryo's deepest tissue layer.

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Answer: Calvin cycle is the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules. The Calvin cycle has three stages in order to produce glucose and other carbohydrate molecules

1) Carbon fixation: the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule.

2) reduction: the organic molecule is reduced.

3) regeneration: RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue.

In summary, it takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to fix six carbon atoms from CO2. These six turns require energy input from 12 ATP molecules and 12 NADPH molecules in the reduction step and 6 ATP molecules in the regeneration step.

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Glucocorticoid hormones activate genes

Hence, all are correct.

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The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is 400 ml per day.

The separation as well as elimination of metabolic waste from the body is referred to as excretion. This process involves many organs, including the lungs, gills, skin, and so on. The excretory system is made up of the kidneys and their ducts, which are the major full-time excretory organs.

In addition to a elimination of metabolic wastes, the excretory system maintains a proper water balance within the body: an equilibrium of water, inorganic salts, as well as other substances in the organism's internal environment. The problems of hydrological cycle encountered by marine, freshwater, as well as terrestrial vertebrates differ greatly, and it is remarkable that one‘s kidneys are so similar.

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To water-culture a mongo seed One to one and a half cups of warm water should be added to a large container, preferably one made of glass like a mason jar, along with half a cup of mung beans.

Rubber band a cheesecloth or paper towel to the top of your container to provide space for your beans to breathe.

Soak the beans for eight to twelve hours at room temperature to cause swelling. The following day, or at least eight hours later, strain your beans. You can drain the water from the jar's top by using a sieve or a piece of cheesecloth. Re-rinse and drain the beans. For two to five days, do this. If you keep a container of sprouting alfalfa in a bright window for a few days, the tiny leaflets will turn green.

Rinse well in a sizable bowl of fresh water. Get rid of the hulls that appear on the surface. Give your sprouts one last rinse, and then let them air dry in a colander entirely before putting them in the refrigerator. Any beans with no sprouts should be sorted. Put them in a plastic bag or jar and refrigerate it.

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Animals, as part of the nitrogen cycle, acquire some amino acids by eating plants.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

The nitrogen cycle is а repeаting cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living аnd non-living things: the аtmosphere, soil, wаter, plаnts, аnimаls аnd bаcteriа. In order to move through the different pаrts of the cycle, nitrogen must chаnge forms. In the аtmosphere, nitrogen exists аs а gаs ([tex]N_{2}[/tex]), but in the soils, it exists аs nitrogen oxide, NO, аnd nitrogen dioxide, [tex]NO_{2}[/tex], аnd when used аs а fertilizer, cаn be found in other forms, such аs аmmoniа, [tex]NH_{3}[/tex], which cаn be processed even further into а different fertilizer, аmmonium nitrаte, or [tex]NH_{4}NO_{3}[/tex].

Nitrogen is а key element in the nucleic аcids DNА аnd RNА, which аre the most importаnt of аll biologicаl molecules аnd cruciаl for аll living things. When plаnts do not get enough nitrogen, they аre unаble to produce аmino аcids (substаnces thаt contаin nitrogen аnd hydrogen аnd mаke up mаny of living cells, muscles аnd tissue). Without аmino аcids, plаnts cаnnot mаke the speciаl proteins thаt the plаnt cells need to grow. Thus, animals acquire some amino acids by eating plants.

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The structures that are unique to neurons are axons, dendrites, myelin sheaths, and Nodes of Ranvier.

Neurons are nerve cells that send and receive messages to and from the brain. Neurons are very unique in structure. This uniqueness is because of the function of the cell itself. The signals from and to the brain are transported as action potentials. So neurons are structured accordingly.

The main parts of a neuron are

Cell body - It is the body of the neuron, also called Soma. It consists of a nucleus and other cell organelles.

Axons - A long tail-like structure that is connected to the cell body is called the axon. It is usually protected by a layer of a fatty substance called the myelin sheath.

Dendrites - These are the root-like structure that emerges from the cell body. It receives signals from the axons of other neurons.

Nodes of Ranvier are small regions on the axons where it is not protected by the myelin sheath. It allows faster transmission of electrical signals.

So the unique structures of neurons are Nodes of Ranvier, axons, dendrites, and myelin sheath.

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The structures which are unique to neurons are nodes of Ranvier, cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath.

The cells of the nervous system that are responsible for receiving and transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body are known as neurons or nerve cells.

The following components make up the neuron's structure: cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and Nodes of Ranvier.

The cell body carries genetic information and is also known as soma. Axon carries electrical impulses away from the body of the cell, Dendrites are received extensions that look like trees, and the Ranvier nodes are cracks in a neuron's myelin sheath.

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Large molecules (such polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) are broken down into smaller components during catabolism. The breakdown process in metabolism is called catabolism, and the synthesis process is called anabolism.

Complex compounds are broken down during catabolism. Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are broken down from complex molecules during catabolism to create substrates for metabolic pathways. The two primary processes that make up metabolism are anabolism and catabolism.

Dehydration synthesis reactions build up molecules while hydrolysis reactions break down molecules and often release energy. These kinds of reactions allow for the synthesis and degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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Answer:

hygiene

Explanation:

because prevent is better than cure to stop germs from spreading

1) peripheral nervous system

2) central nervous system

Type of asexual reproduction in snail is : During a process known as parthenogenesis, cell division allows unfertilized female gamete to develop without auto- or sexual fertilization. This results in an exact replica of parent snail.

Some hermaphrodite snails do not need another snail to reproduce, but can produce more snails all by themselves  and this is called asexual reproduction. Whereas, other snails are hermaphrodites but still need another snail to reproduce and this is called sexual reproduction.

Water snails are hermaphroditic and they reproduce asexually. Pond snails can also reproduce sexually and lay jellylike masses of eggs under water on plants and on the sides of the aquarium.

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Explanation about the molecules given below:

Its original definition, "the smallest unit of a material that yet preserves the qualities of that substance," was intended to be included by this designation. "An atom is a body that cannot be cut in two; a molecule is the smallest conceivable component of a specific material," wrote James Maxwell in 1873 when defining atom and molecule.

In this case, according to the given information, we can firstly bear to mind the fact that each ball color represents a different element, for that reason we can tell the following:

- Two black balls: they represent a diatomic molecule composed by two atoms of the same element.

- One black ball and two black balls: they represent a compound formed by two different elements.

- One gray ball and two black balls: they represent a compound formed by two different elements.

- Two black-dotted balls: they represent a diatomic molecule composed by two atoms of the same element.

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In the case of Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - The muscles are paralyzed, and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate and respiratory rate increase.

Hence, statement C is correct.

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