The first stage of the Calvin cycle is carbon fixation. In order to create two molecules of 3-PGA, the enzyme RuBisCO fixes CO₂ to RuBP.
In the process of carbon fixation, the five-carbon acceptor molecule ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate joins forces with the carbon dioxide molecule RuBP. This process creates 3-phosphoglyceric acid, a six-carbon substance that divides into two molecules of a three-carbon compound 3-PGA. The RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase enzyme, often known as rubisco, is the catalyst for this reaction. In plants, stomata, or pores on the surface of the leaf, allow atmospheric carbon dioxide to enter the mesophyll layer of the leaves. The chloroplast stroma and mesophyll cells can both absorb it at that point.
Hence, carbon dioxide combined with RuBisCO to form 3-PGA.
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What is the substance found in plasma but not in serum?
While the majority of the components are the same in both serum and plasma, serum lacks fibrinogen.
What distinguishes serum from plasma in particular?The similarities between serum and plasma end there; both are made from the liquid fraction of the blood that is left over after the cells are taken out. The liquid that is left behind after the blood has clots is called serum. When an anticoagulant is added to prevent clotting, plasma is the liquid that is left over.
What is absent from serum?White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, red blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors, are absent from serum.
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What other normal cellular processes other than DNA Replication are cells going through during interphase?
In order to prepare for mitosis, the cell duplicates its DNA during interphase. The interphase is the cell's "everyday life" or metabolic phase, during which the cell acquires nutrients, metabolises them, develops, reads its DNA, and performs other "typical" cell operations.
The G1, S, and G2 phases are included in the interphase, which is the part of the cell cycle where no changes can be seen under a microscope. The cell multiplies (G1), duplicates (S), and gets ready for mitosis during interphase (G2).
After cytokinesis has separated the cell membrane and cells have finished dividing their chromosomes, the two newly formed cells enter Gap 1 or G1, the first phase of interphase. The cell continues to expand and carry out its typical tasks throughout this period.
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a steady increase in the concentration of persistent toxins as they move from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level in a food web is known as .
A steady increase in the concentration of persistent toxins as they move from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level in a food web is known as Biomagnification.
Biomagnification is any proportion of a toxin, such as synthetic insecticides, in the tissues of considerate organisms at progressively higher levels in a food chain.
Toxins enter the food web through bioaccumulation, which occurs when toxins accumulate in individual organisms, whereas biomagnification occurs when toxins are passed from one trophic level to another and thus concentrations increases within a food web.
Biomagnification occurs when chemicals move from lower to higher trophic levels within a food web, resulting in a greater concentration of apex predators.
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What are the reproductive organs in humans which produce the gametes?
The reproductive organs in humans which produce the gametes are the ovaries in females and the testicles in males.
What are the reproductive organs in humans?The reproductive organs in humans are responsible to produce gametes such as spermatic germinal cells in the testicles of males or ovule germinal gametic cells in the ovaries of females, these gametes are produced by the process of meiosis.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the reproductive organs in humans are the testicles in males and the ovaries in females capable of producing gametes by meiosis.
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snapdragons occur in nature as either green or yellow plants. a green snapdragon is homozygous and has the genotype cc. a yellow snapdragon is heterozygous and has the genotype cc. suppose that a gardener crosses two yellow snapdragons, and one-third of the offspring are green and two-thirds of the offspring are yellow. what type of allele could be responsible for the 2:1 offspring ratio seen when two yellow snapdragons are crossed?
The allele responsible foe 2:1 ratio when two yellow snapdragons are crossed is Lethal allele.
Edwin Baur began working with the snapdragon plant Antirrhinum in 1907 and identified the condition aurea, in which plants possessed golden rather than green leaves.
Baur discovered a 2:1 ratio of green seedlings to yellow seedlings when two aurea snapdragon plants were crossed. Homozygous aurea plants did not grow normal chlorophyll and perished at the embryonic stage or when the plant seedlings were two to three days old.
In other words, the homozygous aurea plants, like Cuénot's homozygous mice, were unable to properly grow, and as a result, an entire class of progeny died.
Because they changed Mendelian inheritance ratios, Cuénot and Baur found the first recessive deadly genes. Recessive lethal genes can code for either dominant or recessive features, but they do not induce death unless two copies of the deadly allele are present in an organism.
Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and achondroplasia are examples of human illnesses caused by recessive lethal genes. Achondroplasia is a dwarfism-causing autosomal dominant bone condition. While inheriting one achondroplasia allele can produce the condition, inheriting two recessive lethal alleles is deadly.
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Which process would lead to offspring with the exact same genetic information as the parent?
O A tree growing from the stump of another tree.
O A bacterium splitting in two.
O A bird laying an egg.
O A plant growing from a seed.
Answer:
A bacterium splitting in two.
Explanation:
The process that would lead to offspring with the exact same genetic information as the parent is a bacterium splitting in two. This process, known as binary fission, allows a single bacterium to produce two identical daughter cells, each with the same genetic material as the parent cell. In other organisms, such as trees, birds, and plants, reproduction usually involves the combination of genetic information from two parents, resulting in offspring that have a unique combination of genetic information.
Know The difference between a 1n and 2n cell
In 1n cell chromosome number is 23 and in 2n cell chromosome number is 46.
An individual set of chromosomes, or haploid, is present in each cell. Haploid refers to the number of chromosomes in gametes, which are also known as egg or sperm cells.Human gametes are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, one of each pair found in diplod cells, and they are made up entirely with chromosomes that are not found in other haploid cells.
When an organism's cells contain two full sets of chromosomes, with one chromosome from each parent present in each pair, the organism is said to be diploid.Humans contain 23 pairs of chromosomes in most of their cells because they are diploid.
The number of chromosomes in somatic (body) cells of sexually reproducing animals is normally diploid, which is twice as many as the haploid (1n) amount found in the gametes. During meiosis, the haploid number is generated.
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many phenotypes produced by more
than one pair of alleles; two phenotypes
from two alleles; three phenotypes from
two alleles.
The inheritance pattern in which many phenotypes are produced by more than one pair of alleles; two phenotypes from two alleles; three phenotypes from two alleles; three phenotypes from two alleles is polygenic inheritance.
What is polygenic inheritance?Polygenic inheritance makes reference to any phenotypic feature in which more than two genes are contributing to the generation of a given phenotypic feature.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that polygenic inheritance is based on the inheritance pattern that involves more than two genes.
Complete question:
The inheritance pattern in which many phenotypes are produced by more than one pair of alleles; two phenotypes from two alleles; three phenotypes from two alleles; three phenotypes from two alleles is _____.
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pioneer organisms modify their environment, establishing conditions under which more advanced organisms can live.____
correct answer :- True
Because, for instance, a pioneer organism improves the soil, which benefits the growth of other organisms.
Pioneer species are those found in newly formed environments in primary succession, and via their interactions, they help to develop a basic beginning biological community. As new species enter this society, it becomes more complicated. Secondary succession, or the restoration of an established biological community after a disturbance sets the community's progress back, is distinguished from primary succession.
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Because the bacterial cell’s DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear envelope, __________ occur(s). a. alternative splicing b. coupled transcription and translation
c. coupled splicing and tailing of the message
d. segregated transcription and translation
e. segregated splicing and tailing of the message
Since the bacterial cell’s DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear envelope, coupled transcription and translation occur in it.
Transcription is the process of formation of RNA transcript from the template strand of DNA. It takes place in the nucleus in the eukaryotic cells. The main enzyme involved in the process is called RNA polymerase. Transcription can give rise to all types of RNAs, i.e., m-RNA, r-RNA and t-RNA.
Translation is the process that begins some time after transcription. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell where the ribosomes are present. It is the process where proteins are formed from the m-RNA along with the use of r-RNA and t-RNA.
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What causes biological contamination?
Explanation:
Biological contamination occurs when food becomes contaminated by living organisms or the substances they produce.
premature closure of the sagittal suture would result in group of answer choices a long and narrow head. a very broad head. an unusually small head. a distorted head with one side being longer than the other. death.
The correct answer is: a long and narrow head. Premature closure of the sagittal suture can result in a range of abnormalities in head shape, and can potentially lead to serious health complications.
The sagittal suture is a fibrous joint that allows the bones of the skull to move and grow during development. In a normal head, the sagittal suture remains open until around the age of two or three, at which point it begins to fuse together. If the sagittal suture closes prematurely, it can result in abnormal growth patterns in the skull, leading to abnormalities in head shape.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. genetically modifying human __________ cells may directly affect future generations.
Genetically modifying human gametic cells may directly affect future generations.
Genetics refers to the study of the genes and how are they inherited from parent to offspring. Gene is the smallest unit that carries information about a particular trait. This trait is then transferred from the parent to the offspring with the help of gamete cells.
Gametes or gametic cells are the reproductive cells of the body that carry one copy of the all the chromosomes of the organism. The gametes from the male and the female fuse together to give rise to a new organism of the same type. The male gamete is called sperm while the female is called egg or ovum.
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A strangulated hernia is one that:
A.
spontaneously reduces without any surgical intervention.
B.
can be pushed back into the body cavity to which it belongs.
C.
is reducible if surgical intervention occurs within 2 hours.
D.
loses its blood supply due to compression by local tissues.
D.
loses its blood supply due to compression by local tissues.
A serious complication hernia is one in which loses its flow of blood as a result of the surrounding tissues being compressed.
Briefing:When a portion of the swelling or bulge pushes thru the abdominal wall and is subsequently caught by the abdominal muscles, which tighten around it, the condition is known as a strangulated hernia. The blood arteries in the gut are cut off as the core muscles compress and lock around the bulge.
Why do you use the word hernia?An opening in this muscular wall, known as a hernia, enables the contents of the abdomen to project outward. Hernias can take a variety of forms, but the groin or belly region is where they happen most frequently.
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A model of the infection of a host cell by a virus is shown here. Which statements accurately describe the processes involved in viral infection and replication? Select two that apply.
The infection of a host cell by a virus is done, the virus releases the genetic content in the host cell, the genetic content is replicated using the host enzymes, and the viral infection spreads.
What is the cause of the viral infection?The viral infection is caused by the virus when it attaches to the host cell and releases its genetic content, which is later replicated in the host cell and released through the host cell and this is called the lytic cycle of the virus while in lysogenic cycle the virus keeps developing in the host cell as the genome is incorporated in the host genome.
Hence, the infection of a host cell by a virus is done, the virus releases the genetic content in the host cell, the genetic content is replicated using the host enzymes, and the viral infection spreads.
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What are the 3 components of homeostasis?
Adjustment of physiological systems within the body is called homeostatic regulation, which involves three parts or mechanisms: (1) the receptor, (2) the control center, and (3) the effector. The receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing.
Homeostasis, also known as homoeostasis in the United Kingdom, is the stable internal, external, and chemical conditions that are upheld by biological systems.
Receptor: Detects changes in a variable which is either the substance or process that is regulated. Typically consists of sensory nerves. Control Center. The structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector.
The control center: The nervous system is important to thermoregulation. The processes of homeostasis and temperature control are centered in the hypothalamus of the advanced animal brain.
The effector :An effector is any organ or tissue that receives information from the integrating center and acts to bring about the changes needed to maintain homeostasis. One example is the kidney, which retains water if blood pressure is too low
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Some conservation biologists focus on areas where the greatest number of unique species can be protected with the least amount of effort. These areas are called
a. wildlife corridors.
b. habitat fragments.
c. biodiversity hotspots.
d. conservation concessions.
Some conservation biologists center around areas where the best number of unique species can be protected with minimal measure of effort. These areas are called a. wildlife corridors.
Habitat corridors and green corridors are other names for wildlife corridors. Ecoducts and eco passages are two other names for wildlife corridors.
In areas where there is a lot of interaction between humans and wildlife, these wildlife areas are intended to protect local migratory animal species from encroaching on human populations. Additionally, the purpose of these green corridors is to keep animals away from highways, busy roads, and other locations where their traditional migratory routes intersect with potentially hazardous man-made locations.
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Does everyone with cystic fibrosis have the same genetic mutation?
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive type of disease, which means that a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene in order to have CF. If someone has a mutation in only one copy of the CFTR gene and the other copy is normal, they do not have CF and are a CF carrier.
What is Cystic Fibrosis?In cystic fibrosis it affects the cells which produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices, causing these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug the tubes, ducts, and passageways. It is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system, and other organs in the body.
Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis are as follows :
A persistent cough that produces thick mucus (sputum)WheezingExercise intoleranceRepeated lung infectionsInflamed nasal passages or a stuffy noseRecurrent sinusitisMutations in the CFTR gene cause the CFTR protein to be made poorly or not at all, leading to a buildup of thick mucus, frequent infections in the lungs, destruction of the pancreas, and complications in other organs.
Thus, Cystic fibrosis is a recessive type of disease, which means that a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene in order to have CF. If someone has a mutation in only one copy of the CFTR gene and the other copy is normal, they do not have CF and are a CF carrier.
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Blood pressure is highest in the ___________ and lowest in the _____________.
arteries closest to the heart; veins
arteries; capillaries
brachial artery; capillaries
arterioles, venules
Blood pressure is highest in the arteries closest to the heart and lowest in the veins.
Veins are blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart. modes are part of your circulatory system. They work together with other blood vessels and your heart to keep your blood moving. modes hold utmost of the blood in your body.
Arteries, a critical part of your cardiovascular system, are blood vessels that distribute oxygen-rich blood to your entire body. These tube- suchlike vessels and the muscles inside them insure your organs and apkins have the oxygen and nutrients they need to serve.
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Which of the following is most like the formation of identical twins? A) cell cloning. B) therapeutic cloning. C) use of adult stem cells.
The right answer is (A), which states that cloning is most similar to the development of identical twins.
Cloning, which can be done via artificial or natural methods, is the act of generating unique beings with DNA that is identical or very similar. In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating organisms (copies) from cells and DNA fragments (molecular cloning). In addition to amplifying DNA segments that contain whole genes, cloning can be used to amplify any DNA sequence, including promoters, non-coding sections, and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a number of biological research projects and practical applications, including as mass protein production and the creation of genetic fingerprints. The process of figuring out the chromosomal location of a gene connected to an important feature, such as in positional cloning, is sometimes misleadingly referred to as "cloning." Despite the fact that a gene has been mapped to a certain chromosomal or genomic region, one cannot always extract or amplify the relevant genomic sequence.
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Learning through Art: HIV Structure 6 of 9 DNA genes that direct the production of HIV protein RNA genes that direct production of more viruses recognizes proteins on the outside of target cells O. surrounds and protects the HIV genome produces a DNA copy of the HIV RNA genome helps HIV merge with a target cell's plasma membrane
The HIV genome encodes for a range of proteins that allow the virus to infect and replicate within host cells, as well as evade the host immune system.
What is HIV?The HIV virus has a complex structure that allows it to infect and replicate within host cells. The HIV genome consists of 9 genes that encode for various proteins that are necessary for the virus to function. These genes are encoded in either DNA or RNA. The DNA genes direct the production of HIV proteins, while the RNA genes direct the production of more viruses.
One important protein that is produced by the HIV genome is the envelope protein, which surrounds and protects the HIV genome. The envelope protein also helps HIV to merge with the plasma membrane of a target cell, allowing the virus to enter the cell and begin the process of replication. Another important protein produced by the HIV genome is reverse transcriptase, which helps the virus to produce a DNA copy of its RNA genome. This allows the virus to integrate its genome into the host cell's DNA, allowing it to replicate and produce more viruses.
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What causes somatic gene mutations?
Errors and stressors from the environment that affect cellular replication cause somatic gene mutations.
During an organism's life cycle, somatic mutations occur either spontaneously as a result of errors in DNA repair mechanisms or as a direct response to stress. These mutations are a normal part of aging. Early mutations can lead to mosaicism within a gene line, affecting the development of an organism. The specific gene that the mutation affects determines how mosaicism affects overall health as a result of mutations.
Somatic mutations are more likely to occur when cells replicate due to environmental stressors and errors. Examples of stressors that can damage cells and cause DNA mutations to include radiation, chemical exposure, and free radical generation within cells. The newly altered DNA is incorporated into all subsequent prodigy cell lines within the individual during normal cellular replication following a mutation.
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What you were told about the reproduction of snails?
Snails have both female and male reproductive cells ( as they are hermaphrodite).
What can you say about the reproduction of snails?The majority of these terrestrial gastropod (snails) mollusks are hermaphrodites, which is the first thing you should be aware of. Any organism that possesses both male and female reproductive organs and is able to generate both eggs and spermatozoa is referred to as a hermaphrodite. The snails appear to be both male and female at the same time.
However, there are several exceptions. The Pomatiid family of snails differs from its members in that each snail belongs to either a male or a female gender depending on the presence or absence of reproductive organs.
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What does each animal represent in the allegory of Animal Farm?
The pig named Snowball stands in for the intellectual revolutionary Leon Trotsky, while Old Major is either Karl Marx or Vladimir Lenin. The dogs are Stalin's secret police, and Napoleon is a representation of him. The proletariat, or working class, is symbolized by the horse Boxer.
In animal farm each animal is represented as :-
Karl Marx and Vladimir I. Lenin are examples of the first revolutionaries who pass away before things change.Napoleon: Josif Stalin, the ambitious, hushed, menacing, and power-hungry Berkshire boar.Snowball, a white boar that was smart, talkative, and a brilliant organizer, was a term used by Leon Trotsky.Squealer: Vyacheslav Molotov was a hefty porker and Napoleon's right trotter man.Pinkeye: A food tester for Napoleon. The Communist authorities.A creative pig named Minimus composes a new Animal Farm anthem after Beasts of England is outlawed. the painters of Communism.Zinovyev, Bukharin, Kameneyev, and Sokolnikov are the additional Communist leaders that Napoleon purges. They are four young pigs (Stalin).know more about animal farm here
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For this assignment, select an experimental analysis of problem behaviors such as the Iwata's full functional analysis (FA), brief FA, latency-based FA, trial-based FA, precursor FA, or the IISCA. Provide the benefits and limitations of the selected experimental analysis. Describe the conditions of your experiment to test the hypothesized function(s) or contingencies influencing the behaviors of concern. Provide hypothetical data and a visual display (graph). Be sure to incorporate values of compassion and cultural humility when selecting and conducting the experimental analysis. You can refer to the Capella Compassion Code [DOCX] for more details.
Part 1: Select the Experimental Analysis
Select the experimental analysis to be conducted for your functional behavior assessment. Provide the benefits and limitations of the selected experimental analysis. Provide a rationale for why you have chosen this method for the person or character you chose in your first assignment. Please include in your rationale how you considered compassionate approaches when selecting your experimental analysis.
Part 2: Describe the Experimental Analysis
Describe the conditions and procedures of your experimental analysis. Be sure to program for the appropriate establishing operations as suspected from the descriptive assessment. Please include in your rationale how you considered compassionate approaches when conducting your experimental analysis.
Part 3: Display Hypothetical Data and Interpret Results
For ethical reasons, DO NOT conduct an actual experimental analysis of behavior for this assignment. Instead, generate hypothetical data to show outcomes you might expect if you were to conduct the experimental analysis. Present the hypothetical data and result of the experimental analysis in a visual display. Be sure to use an appropriate graph to display the data, demonstrating experimental control. Interpret the results.
Part 4: Conclude the Experimental Analysis
Conclude the results of the experimental analysis by providing a confirmation of the functional control between environmental variables and problem behaviors. In other words, confirm the function(s) influencing problem behaviors. For the IISCA, confirm the functional control between the synthesized contingencies and problem behaviors.
Additional Requirements
Your assignment should meet the following requirements:
Written communication: Should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
APA formatting: References and citations are formatted according to current APA style guidelines. Review Evidence and APA for more information on how to cite your sources.
Resources: A sufficient number of scholarly or professional resources.
Length: 4-5 double-spaced pages.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point.
SafeAssign: You are required to use SafeAssign before submitting the completed assignment to your instructor. Submit your work to SafeAssign as a draft, review the results, and make any needed changes. When you are ready, submit your assignment to the assignment area for grading.
Refer to the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Research Guide for help finding resources.
Refer to the Experimental Analysis Scoring Guide to ensure you understand the grading criteria for this assignment.
Provide hypothetical data and a visual display (graph). Be sure to incorporate values of compassion and cultural humility when selecting and conducting the experimental analysis.
What percentage of watch is defected?Half of the defective watches are from factory FB. Imagine that 100 watches are made at the two factories. 60 of them would be made at Factory FA and 40 of them would be made at Factory FB.
In Factory FA, 10% of the 60 would be defective. That is 6. In Factory FB, 15% of the 40 would be defective. That is also 6. So if you select one of the 12 defective watches, half would come from FA and half would come from FB.
Therefore, Provide hypothetical data and a visual display (graph). Be sure to incorporate values of compassion and cultural humility when selecting and conducting the experimental analysis.
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5% salt on the outside of the cell vs 20% salt on the inside of the cell is a ______________ environment.
A cell that is 3% salt is placed in a container of pure water.
Answer:
If there is 5% salt on the outside of the cell and 20% salt on the inside of the cell, the environment would be considered osmotically imbalanced or osmotically stressed.
Explanation:
In general, cells are surrounded by a membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the external environment. This membrane is selectively permeable, meaning that it allows certain substances to pass through while blocking others. In the case of a cell in an osmotically imbalanced environment, the concentration of solutes (such as salt) is different inside and outside the cell, which can cause water to flow in or out of the cell in an attempt to balance the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane.
If the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than outside (as in the case you described, with 20% salt inside and 5% salt outside), this can lead to an excess of water inside the cell, which can cause the cell to swell and potentially rupture. On the other hand, if the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside, this can cause water to flow out of the cell, leading to dehydration and potentially damaging the cell.
Osmotic stress can have a range of effects on cells, depending on the severity and duration of the imbalance. In some cases, cells can adapt and survive in an osmotically imbalanced environment, but in others, the stress can be lethal.
40. Label the components of the cardiac conduction system AV nodeRight bundle branch Left bundleAV bundle branch Interventriculan Interatrial septum septum Interatrial branch Vagus n. SA node Purkinje fiber Reset Zoom
The components of the cardiac conduction system are enclosed in the image.
What is the cardiac conduction system?The cardiac conduction system is a set of nerve-muscular elements through which the currents of the heart will pass to generate heartbeats. It starts from the SA node which is the heart's pacemaker since it will send the electrical impulses to generate the contraction. This will send the signals to the AV node, which will then send the signal through the purkinje fibers, which will divide into two branches that will end up covering the walls of the ventricles.
So then heartbeats are generated by the uniform distribution of these components.
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Which fact about those structures best supports one aspect of the theory of evolution?
The idea that the animals had a common ancestor is supported by the similarity of their bone structures.
Homologous structures: what do they mean?Organs or skeletal components of animals and organisms that are homologous reveal a relationship to a common ancestor because of their similarities. These structures don't have to have the same shape or function.
What do evolutionary homologous structures mean?Because they shared an ancestor, homologous structures are those that are shared by related organisms. These structures may or may not function in their descendants for the same reason. The illustration below shows the hands of numerous mammals. They all share the same basic skeletal makeup.
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Which is the part of the coral that is built up over thousands of years into a reef.
Answer:
The part of the coral that is built up over thousands of years into a reef is the coral skeleton..........................
Explanation:
The part of the coral that is built up over thousands of years into a reef is the coral skeleton. Coral reefs are structures that are formed by the accumulation of coral skeletons over time.
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse and important ecosystems on Earth. They provide habitat for a wide variety of marine life, including fish, invertebrates, and algae, and they also provide important economic and ecological services, such as coastal protection and tourism.
Coral reefs are formed by a process known as calcification, in which coral polyps extract calcium and other minerals from seawater and use them to build a hard, porous skeleton. Over time, the skeletons of many coral polyps accumulate and form a reef.
The coral skeleton is a complex and dynamic structure that is constantly being built up and broken down by the activities of coral polyps and other organisms. It is an important component of coral reefs and plays a critical role in their formation and maintenance.
Answer:
Coral reefs are composed of colonies of hundreds to thousands of individual corals known as polyps. These Marine invertebrates have hard exoskeletons made of calcium carbonate and are sessile, which means they are permanently fixed in one location.
Coral reef ecosystems are basically among the most diverse as well as valued ecosystems on the planet. Coral reefs have the most species per unit area of any marine environment.
The reef is built on a skeleton made of calcium carbonate by coral polyps. Slowly, over hundreds or thousands of years, coral polyps add layers of limestone to their skeletons and grow outwards and upwards, expanding the reefs.
How many different mutations in the CFTR gene that can cause cystic fibrosis have been identified?
The gene that encodes the CFTR protein is located on chromosome 7. Mutations in this gene lead to CF. Since the discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989, more than 2,500 mutations have been identified.
What is the function of CFTR gene?The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein helps to maintain the balance of salt and water on many surfaces in the body, such as the surface of the lung.
This mutation is caused by the deletion of three base pairs of the CFTR gene leading to the loss of an amino acid called phenylalanine, abbreviated F, in the CFTR protein.
In cystic fibrosis, a defect (mutation) in a gene — the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene — changes a protein that regulates the movement of salt in and out of cells.
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