What is cell?? Help plss:(

The shape of normal host PrpC protein is altered by abnormal PrpSc protein, transforming it into infectious PrpSc protein this statement contributes to understanding the pathogenesis of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

Pathogenesis refers to the sequence of events that occurs during acute and chronic infections. It consists of the virus entering the body, multiplying and spreading, causing tissue damage, and producing an immune response, which may contribute to the pathology of an infection.

Pathogenesis can take many forms, including microbial infection, inflammation, cancer, and tissue breakdown. For instance, bacterial pathogenesis is indeed the process whereby bacteria end up causing infectious illness. Most diseases have been caused by a combination of factors.

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is indeed a progressive neurological disorder caused by an unusual transmissible agent known as a prion. The nature of both the transmissible agent is unknown.

To know more about the Encephalopathy, here

https://brainly.com/question/13085501

#SPJ4

Answer:

Most scientists recognize six major biomes: aquatic, desert, forest, grassland, tundra, and savannah. These biomes are distinguished by the type of vegetation and animals that live in them, as well as the climate and other environmental factors. Within each of these biomes, there may be many different sub-biomes or ecosystems, each with its own unique characteristics. Additionally, some scientists recognize other biomes, such as the polar region, which is sometimes considered a separate biome from the tundra. Overall, the number of biomes recognized by scientists can vary depending on the specific classification system used and the level of detail considered.

Yes, different species of snails can occasionally produce hybrids. They may  have hybrid offspring too.

Freshwater snails are often hermaphrodites and we say that they carry both sperm and eggs and can reproduce without the help of another snail. But some breeds, like apple snails, require both male and female for fertilization.

Snails produce up to six batches of eggs in a single year. During the mating process each snail lays approx. 80 eggs about 3-6 days after mating. Each snail digs then a 2–4cm hole in the soil with its foot to lay the eggs which will hatch in two weeks.

To know more about snails, refer

https://brainly.com/question/29933242

#SPJ4

Physiology is to function as anatomy is to structure.

Physiology is the study of how those structures work, whereas anatomy deals with the interior and exterior structure of the body & their physical interactions. In this chapter, anatomy and physiology are defined along with their significance to biomedical engineering. For instance, all of the body's skeletal muscles would be taken into account in a systemic anatomical examination of the muscular system. Anatomy focuses on structure, whereas physiology is concerned with function. The principle that structure dictates function is fundamental to biology. In other words, how something is set up within an organism allows it to carry out its function (a living thing). Relationships between structure and function are produced by natural selection.

(1) Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.

A) function; form

B) form; structure

C) structure; function

D) structure; form

E) growth; form)

Learn more about  anatomy

https://brainly.com/question/21190730

#SPJ4

Answer: Mary’s organism

Explanation: Since Phylum is a broader category, animals within the same genus would be closer related.

A monggo seed needs approximately 50 mm of water per week for its proper growth and maintenance.

Sprouts of the mung bean, scientifically known as Vigna radiata, are frequently grown. Being a member of the Fabaceae (legume family), it is closely linked to plants like chick peas and broad beans. Golden Gram, Green Gram, Wild Mung, and Mash Bean are some more names for the Mung Bean plant.

The optimum time to plant beans is in late spring when the soil is warm, and they should be ready for harvest in as little as three months (typically 100 days).

Most mung bean seeds are green or brown, however some tropical types are yellow. The diameter of a mung bean seed is typically half that of a soybean (Glycine max) seed.

Mung bean plants resemble garden beans more than soybeans from a visual standpoint. They have fewer leaves than soybeans, fewer branches, and can grow up to 24 to 30 inches (60 to 75 cm) tall.

There are 30 to 40 pods per plant, each three to four inches long and containing ten to fifteen seeds.

To learn more about mung beans from the given link,

brainly.com/question/12651300

#SPJ4

Mitosis and meiosis ii are similar, except that cells undergoing meiosis ii are diploid and cells undergoing mitosis are haploid. This statement is True.

Mitosis is a stage of the cell cycle during which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Mitosis results in the formation of genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes. As a result, mitosis is also referred to as equational division. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are the stages.

Meiosis is a type of cell division of germ cells that produces gametes such as sperm or egg cells in sexually reproducing organisms. It entails two rounds of division, resulting in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four gamete cells while reducing the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half. This process is necessary for the production of egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

To learn more about mitosis and meiosis, here

https://brainly.com/question/20726356

#SPJ4

The majority of the time, external fertilization takes place in aquatic settings where sperm and eggs are released into the water.

A method of reproduction known as external fertilization involves a male organism's sperm fertilizing an egg laid by a female organism outside of the female's body.

Both the male and female must release their gametes into the environment (usually water) for external fertilization, which typically takes place in wet environments. The environment's moisture prevents the gametes from becoming dry. Additionally, moisture is necessary for the free movement of the eggs and sperm, which enables them to meet and fuse. Animals such as amphibians, fish, and aquatic algae reproduce in this manner.

Know more about external fertilization here: https://brainly.com/question/1170082

#SPJ4

To calculate and determine the capillary size, picture a liquid droplet at the location where gravity and surface tension are balanced.

Gravity and surface tension are related by a length scaling factor known as the capillary length or capillary constant. It is a fundamental physical characteristic that determines how menisci behave and is present when surface forces (Laplace pressure) and body forces (gravity) are in equilibrium. The manipulation of numerous other physical phenomena can also be used to determine the capillary length. Focusing on capillary action, which is the attraction of a liquid's surface to an adjacent solid, is one strategy.

Learn more about Capillary

brainly.com/question/15973568

#SPJ4

Type B blood does make antibodies against Type A. However, the production of antibodies does not guarantee immunity, and it is possible for Type B individuals to develop antibodies against their own type of blood.

Type A and Type B blood are the two major categories of human blood groups. Each type is classified based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells. As such, it is possible for an individual to possess either type A, type B, or both antigens.

Due to the fact that the A and B antigens are distinct from each other, and the body’s immune system recognizes the difference. When exposed to the A antigen, a Type B blood group individual will produce antibodies that recognize and attach to the A antigen, thus helping to protect the body against disease.

Furthermore, it is possible for Type B individuals to develop antibodies against their own type of blood, if they have been exposed to a transfusion of Type A blood. This is known as isoimmunization and can lead to a severe reaction if the individual is exposed to the same type of blood in the future.

Learn more about isoimmunization at : https://brainly.com/question/28205064

#SPJ4

The wood frog maintains homeostasis by using its skin.

These frogs have evolved to live in frigid environments by becoming dormant during the winter. During this period, they will cease to breathe, and their hearts will also stop beating. Their bodies create a unique chemical that acts as an antifreeze, which prevents ice crystals from forming inside their cells, which would otherwise be fatal. The skin on a frog is responsible for homeostasis maintenance. When the chytrid fungus affects the skin of the frog, it interferes with the frog's ability to effectively swallow, exchange ions, and carry out a number of other tasks. Frog species that do not have a natural resistance to this disease will have their skin infected, which will eventually cause a heart attack and result in the animal's death.

Want to know more about frogs visit the link which is given below;

https://brainly.com/question/3505647

#SPJ4

The tendon reflex is also called the withdrawal reflex, as it is protective is the false statement regarding reflexes.

The stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the withdrawal reflex, and the crossing extensor reflex are four significant reflexes that are integrated inside the spinal cord. The deep tendon reflex and myotatic reflex are other names for the stretch reflex. It is a straightforward pre-programmed reaction of the human body in response to an abrupt shift in the ground's surface or a muscle being passively stretched, such as by a tendon hammer. Tendon reflexes, also known as deep tendon reflexes. are monosynaptic stretch reflexes that are triggered by percussion of a muscle's tendon during a clinical examination. This allows dynamic stretch receptors to be quickly and briefly stimulated.

Know more about the tendon reflex at: https://brainly.com/question/7304410

#SPJ4

Carbon dioxide (CO2), a crucial element of the atmosphere, is released both by natural processes (like volcanic eruptions) and by human activities (like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation).

Forests can remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere if new forests are planted and forest management practises are modified. Growing cover crops, fertilizing fields with manure or compost, and reducing the amount that fields are tilled are all ways that farms can increase the amount of carbon stored in their soil.

A relatively small number of nations are responsible for the majority of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. On an absolute basis, the top three emitters are China, the United States, and the members of the European Union.

To know more about forest management visit:-

brainly.com/question/23093011

#SPJ4

Atherosclerosis is a constant condition that develops when a sticky substance called plaque builds up inside your artery.

Atherosclerosis a buildup of cholesterol and fat that makes the arteries narrower so less blood can flow through. Those buildups are called plaque.  Atherosclerosis is thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of shrine in the inner interlining of an artery.  risk factors may  comprehend high cholesterol and triglyceride situations, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical exertion, and eating saturated fats.  

Nonetheless, a blood clot may form that may block the artery completely or travel to other parts of the body, If a plaque bursts. Blockages, either complete or deficient, can bring about complications,  comprehending heart attack, stroke, vascular dementia, erectile dysfunction, or  branch loss. Atherosclerosis can  yield death and disability.

For more information on Atherosclerosis , visit :

https://brainly.com/question/29626891

#SPJ4

The four types of risk factors are

Different types of risk factors :

A behavioral risk factor is defined as a particular behavior or pattern of behavior (eg, overeating or smoking) that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder, disease, or syndrome.

Environmental risk factors are inherent in the layout, design, and furnishings of the physical workplace.

A person's genetic risk refers to the likelihood that the person has a mutation associated with a particular disease or is affected by a particular genetic disorder.

Physiological risk factors are related to a person's body or biology. They can be influenced by a combination of genetic factors, lifestyle, and other common factors. For example:

being overweight or obese; Hypertension.

Learn more about the risk factors in

https://brainly.com/question/12693002

#SPJ4

The group that represents the oldest living plant lineage is liverworts. The correct option is B).

The term "liverwort" comes from the early herbalists' perception that one of the liverworts resembled a liver and was used as a remedy for liver disorders.

This is why a "liver-like tiny plant" is referred to as liverwort. Although plants are not economically significant to people, they do supply food for animals, speed up the decay of logs, and help rocks dissolve because of their capacity to hold moisture.

Therefore, the correct option is B) ​liverworts.

To learn more about liverworts, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/15561403

#SPJ4

The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:

A) ​hornworts B) ​liverworts C) ​mosses D) ​ferns E) ​conifers

Arteries harden and narrow as a result of atherosclerosis, which develops as cholesterol plaques line the artery over time. Your arteries could become blocked, which could endanger blood flow. Whereas, a potentially crippling condition of the brain and spinal cord is multiple sclerosis (MS) (central nervous system).

The arteries become thicker or harder due to atherosclerosis. It is brought on by a buildup of plaque in the artery's inner lining. Deposits of fatty materials, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin make up plaque. As it accumulates in the arteries, the arterial walls stiffen and thicken.

Myelin, the protective sheath that protects nerve fibers, is attacked by the immune system in Multiple Sclerosis, which impairs brain-to-body communication. The condition may eventually result in nerve fiber degeneration or irreversible injury.

Know more about brain here

https://brainly.com/question/11950231#

#SPJ4

The hypothalamic route can be thought of as being activated during arousal, the first phase of the defense cascade.

The descending routes linking some of the peripheral organs involved in the expression of defensive behaviors to brain and spinal cord structures. In the upper panel, a side view of a stylised mammalian brain displays the structures and pathways. The same information is depicted in a block diagram with additional features in the bottom panel. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN), hypothalamus (Hyp), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG), and vagus nerve (X) are all abbreviations for the same structure.

know more about hypothalamus here

https://brainly.com/question/9113672#

#SPJ4

Yes, snails reproduce by laying eggs and can produce up to six batches of eggs in a single year.

During mating process, each snail lays around 80 eggs about 3-6 days after mating. Each snail digs 2–4cm hole in the soil with its foot to lay the eggs which will hatch after two weeks.

Snails don't actually need to mate with another snail for reproducing as self fertilization is possible. After mating they lay around 80 white eggs in a damp and underground nest and the newly-hatched snails have fragile shells and take two years to mature.

To know more about snails, refer

https://brainly.com/question/2737411

#SPJ4

The three main sources of genetic variation arising from sexual reproduction are: Crossing over (in prophase I), Random assortment of chromosomes (in metaphase I) and Random fusion of gametes from different parents.

Meiosis also results in genetic variation via the recombination process. This variation is amplified when two gametes combine during fertilisation, resulting in offspring with distinct DNA combinations.

Meiosis is the cell division that occurs in germ cells. It causes genetic variation in offspring. Variation can occur during meiosis I due to the random orientation of the maternal and paternal chromosomes. Variation is also caused by the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes.

Genetic variations can be caused by gene variants (also known as mutations) or by a normal process in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell prepares to divide (known as genetic recombination). Different traits can be introduced into an organism by genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function.

To learn more about genetic variation by meiosis, here

https://brainly.com/question/30065795

#SPJ4

Interphase happens before prophase II. This statement is false.

The interphase stage of the cell cycle is where the average cell spends the majority of its time. The "everyday life" or metabolic phase of the cell is known as interphase. During this time, the cell acquires nutrients, metabolises them, develops, repeats its DNA in order to get ready for mitosis, and performs other "typical" cell operations.

A fresh set of spindle fibres develops and the chromosomes condense during prophase II. As the cell's equator approaches, the chromosomes start to move there. The paired chromatid centromeres align with the equatorial plate in both cells during metaphase II.

Learn more about prophase II. from:

https://brainly.com/question/4137695

#SPJ4

An infection of the cervix, the lower, thin end of the uterus that exits into the vagina, is known as cervicitis.

Bleeding between periods, pain during sexual activity or a pelvic exam, and unusual vaginal discharge are all indications of cervicitis. Cervicitis, however, can sometimes exist without showing any outward signs or symptoms.

Cervicitis frequently develops as a result of a STI, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Cervicitis can also arise from non-infectious conditions. In order to successfully treat cervicitis, the underlying cause of the inflammation must be addressed.

Most of the time, cervicitis goes undetected, and you may only discover you have it after a pelvic check that your doctor performs for another reason. If you do exhibit symptoms, they could consist of:

Learn more about " cervicitis " to visit here;

https://brainly.com/question/15322843

#SPJ4

In the process of photosynthesis, oxygen and glucose are produced from water and carbon dioxide. As a consequence of consuming glucose, the plant creates oxygen. During cellular respiration, oxygen and glucose are converted into water and carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by photosynthesis and returned via cellular respiration. Cellular respiration utilises the oxygen released into the atmosphere by photosynthesis to release energy from food.

Due to the fact that both photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce energy, water, carbon dioxide, glucose, and oxygen, they are similar. They are distinct from one another because the reactions are diametrically opposed.

To know more about photosynthesis visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/29764662

#SPJ4

if mutations occur in somatic cells could result in either nothing or a malfunction that could cause cancer or the death of the cell.

Somatic cells will be cells of the body. They develop and perform their functions within the body, but they do not reproduce. Microbe cells are sex cells, similar to sperm and eggs, and are associated with multiplication in the body.

A mutation that occurs in somatic cells could lead to nothing, a malfunction that could lead to cancer or the cell's death. DNA changes are mutations. However, because the genetic code is redundant, some mutations do not alter the protein product. The cell does not change in this instance. In other instances, the protein product undergoes a change, impairing the cell's functionality.

Know more about Somatic cell here: https://brainly.com/question/29727711

#SPJ4

Bacterial contamination can be removed from cell culture using several methods. These include proper aseptic technique, filtration, antibiotics, and centrifugation.

The first and most important method for removing bacterial contamination is ensuring proper aseptic technique. This includes using sterile equipment and materials, wearing gloves and masks, and cleaning all surfaces and equipment with a disinfectant. Additionally, it is important to use aseptic techniques when transferring media and culturing cells. Following these basic techniques can help to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination from the start.

In the event of contamination, several other methods can be used to remove bacteria from culture. One of the most common methods is filtration. This involves passing the culture through a filter to remove the bacteria. This method is effective but may be time-consuming, depending on the size of the culture and the particle size of the bacteria.

Another method for removing bacteria from cell culture is antibiotics. Antibiotics can be added directly to the culture to kill the bacteria, though this may not be ideal in some cases due to the potential to affect the cells. Additionally, antibiotics may not be effective against certain types of bacteria. Therefore, it is important to select an appropriate antibiotic based on the type of bacteria present.

Learn more about antibiotics at : https://brainly.com/question/10868637

#SPJ4

Typically, the genes are organized in DNA in the form of chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures that resemble threads and are found inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells.

A gene is the fundamental physical and useful unit of heredity. DNA is what makes up genes. Some genes serve as instructions for making proteins, which are molecules. However, a lot of genes don't make proteins.

Genes are found on these chromosomes. Protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) make up each chromosome. DNA contains the specific instructions that give each living thing its individuality and are passed down from parents to children. Chromosomes, which are made up of long strands of DNA, contain many genes. Each gene has its own locus (plural locus) on the chromosome, and each chromosome has its own sequence of genes.

Know more about chromosomes here: https://brainly.com/question/1596925

#SPJ4

Answer:

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

Explanation:

DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) forms the genetic material for almost all organisms on the planet (with the exception of some viruses that replace DNA with RNA or ribonucleic acid as the genetic material)

The “mosaic” term of this model refers to the mixture of lipids and intrinsic proteins in the membrane. These boundaries are also “fluid” because their components can move laterally, allowing both diffusion of components and local specific gatherings.

The process of leaching can occur on farms, industrial sites and landfills, where chemicals that were improperly disposed of on the land can end up in the ground water, depending on the oil.

What is Leaching?

Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid material by dissolving them in a liquid, either naturally or through an industrial process. This is commonly done by adding a solvent to a solid material, such as soil, and allowing the liquid to pull out the desired substances. Leaching can also be used to separate particles from a solution by adding a compound that binds to the particles and causes them to precipitate out of the solution.

In this case, chemicals improperly disposed of on the land can leach into the ground water, depending on the oil, because the oil can act like a solvent, dissolving and transporting hazardous chemicals into the ground water.

To know more about Leaching,

https://brainly.com/question/17345219

#SPJ4