At 20°C, 100 grams of water can dissolve up to 37.2 grams of sodium nitrate.
What is dissolve?Dissolving is a physical process where a solid material is broken down into smaller particles and distributed within a liquid. This process can be achieved through several methods, such as applying heat, pressure, chemical reactions, or mechanical agitation. In a physical sense, dissolving is a process of taking a solid or liquid and forming a solution, which is a mixture of two or more substances. Dissolving is an important process in many industries, such as food production, pharmaceuticals, and chemical engineering. Dissolving is also used in everyday life, such as when adding sugar to tea or coffee.
This is due to the fact that sodium nitrate has a solubility of 37.2g/100g of water at 20°C. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent (in this case, water). As the temperature increases, the solubility of sodium nitrate also increases.
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What foods should be kept separate to avoid contamination?
Put raw meat, poultry, and shellfish in a separate section of your supermarket cart from other items. To prevent the fluids from these items from spilling onto other foods, put them in plastic bags. Additionally, it is important to keep these meals separate from other foods at the register and in your shopping bags.
What is contaminating food?
When a foreign substance or material that can cause foodborne illnesses is introduced to the food material, it is said to have been contaminated. Depending on its type and source, food contamination can be classified as biological, physical, or chemical.
Put raw meat, poultry, and shellfish in a separate section of your supermarket cart from other items. To prevent the fluids from these items from spilling onto other foods, put them in plastic bags. Additionally, it is important to keep these meals separate from other foods at the register and in your shopping bags.
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based on the concept of periodic trends, answer the following questions for these atoms: li, be, mg, na. be able to defend your answers. a. which element has the lowest electronegativity? b. which element has the least metallic character? c. which element is the largest atom?
Be has the lowest electronegativity. This is because electronegativity generally increases as you move down a group and to the right of a period, and Be is located at the top left of the periodic table.
Which element has the least metallic character?Li has the least metallic character. This is because metallic character generally decreases as you move down a group and to the right of a period, and Li is located at the top left of the periodic table.
Which element is the largest atom?Mg has the largest atom. This is because atomic radius generally increases as you move down a group and to the left of a period, and Mg is located in the middle of the second period.
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What creates a na concentration gradient in the proximal convoluted tubule?
That creates a Na concentration gradient in the proximal convoluted tubule is Na⁺ / K⁺ pump.
The proximal convoluted tubule is the site of the reabsorption of the electrolytes , the electrolytes examples are sodium , potassium, calcium and the chloride. the proximal tubule is the one of the major element of the kidney and is responsible for the reabsorption. That creates a Na concentration gradient in the proximal convoluted tubule is Na⁺ / K⁺ pump.
The Na⁺ / K⁺ pump is the sodium potassium pump is the active transport. The sodium / potassium pump helps to maintains the higher concentration of the sodium ( Na ) extracellularly and potassium level of intracellularly.
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what is the percentage ionization of hcooh molecules in a 0.10 m solution? [ka = 1.8 ×10–4]
A 0.10 M solution has a percent ionization of 1.32 %.
Any process that converts electrically neutral atoms or molecules (ions) to electrically charged molecules and atoms (ions) by gaining or losing electrons. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves and splits its molecules into negative and positive ions.
HCOOH --------------------> HCOO- + H+
intial 0.1 0 0
final 0.1-x x x
[tex]Ka = \frac{HCOO^{-} H^{+} }{HCOOH}\\\\1.8 * 10^{-5} = \frac{x^{2}}{0.1 - x} \\\\1.8 * 10^{-6} = x^{2}\\[/tex]
(ignoring x in (0.1-x) as x is very small because HCOOH is weak acid)
% ionization = ([HCOO -]/[HCOOH]intial) * 100
= (1.34*10^-3)*100/0.1
= 1.34 %
A 0.10 M solution, on the other hand, has a percent ionization of 1.34%.
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Will the depression in freezing point be the same or different if 0.1 M sugar or 0.1 M glucose is dissolved in one liter of water?
Because both treatments are non-electrolytes and produce this very same proportion of solute particles, the freezing point elevation will be identical in both solutions.
Nonelectrolyte: what is it?A substance is referred to as a nonelectrolyte if it doesn't conduct electricity in either the molten or watery form. Many molecules, including ethanol and sugar, include nonelectrolytes. These substances do not release ions when they mix with water.
What substances don't have electrolytes?A material is a nonelectrolyte if it does not ionize at all in water. Explanations: The majority of carbon compounds lack electrolytes. The majority of contribution of natural are fats, carbohydrates, and alcohols.
Briefing:⧍T ∝ molality,
molality=mole solute/weight solvent
weight of solvent = density *volume
=1000*1 kg
= ⧍T ∝ moles
moles =given mass(m) / molecular mass(M)
=0.1/M
M of sugar(sucrose)=342
M of glucose=180
⧍T∝1/M,
= ⧍T(sugar) /⧍T(glucose)
= [1/M(sugar)] / [1/M(glucose)]
= 180/342<1
therefore,
⧍T(sugar)/⧍T(glucose)<1
⧍T(sugar)<⧍T(glucose)
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How many moles of MgO is formed?
The moles of MgO produced in the reaction of magnesium and oxygen are 2 moles.
Magnesium oxide is created during the burning of magnesium metal when it combines with airborne oxygen. A compound is a substance made up of atoms from various elements that are chemically linked to one another. This molecule is created by the chemical interaction between oxygen and magnesium.
In the balanced chemical reaction of magnesium and oxygen is 2 Mg + O₂ ⇒ 2 MgO.
Since values are not mentioned in the question, so we are considering 2 moles of magnesium and 1 mole of oxygen.
In terms of magnesium
2 moles of Mg ⇒ 2 moles of MgO
In terms of oxygen
1 mole of O₂ ⇒ 2 moles of MgO
Hence, magnesium and oxygen in 2:1 moles react to form magnesium oxide.
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name the following ketones and aldehydes. when possible, give both a common name and an iupac name.
The name of the ketone will be acetone and iupac name will be propane-2-one, Heptan-2-one. Common name, Methyl n-propyl ketone.
Acetone, also referred to as propanone, would be an industrial solvent used to make plastics as well as other products.
Using specific prefixes as well as suffixes to denote the presence of a functional group, the names of organic compounds following IUPAC nomenclature are generally given and after the parent hydrocarbon chain.
It would be also known as beta-ketopropane, 2-propanone, but also dimethyl ketone. Plastic, fibres, medications, as well as other compounds are all made from acetone.
The question is incomplete, i gave answer in my general way.
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2. Where does your genetic makeup come from?
half of the genetic makeup from the mother and half from the father
O
the genetic makeup from the father and nothing from the mother
O
the genetic makeup from neither parent
O
the genetic makeup of the mother and nothing from the father
Answer:
half of the genetic makeup from the mother and half from the father
Explanation:
Their mother passes one copy on to them through the egg, while their father passes the other one along (via the sperm). Each egg and sperm have a single set of 23 chromosomes. Two copies of each chromosome and two copies of each gene are present when the sperm fertilizes the egg, resulting in the formation of an embryo.
What is the lewis structure of I3-?
The lewis structure of I₃⁻ is attached as a picture.
The geometry of the I₃⁻ molecule is linear. Although there are three atoms of iodine, only one of them has a negative charge. This results in three lone pairs of electrons and two bond pairs being created as a result. It is going to have a steric number of 5. The three lone pairs will avoid contact with one another and go to equatorial locations. The lewis structure represents that, by accepting an extra electron, the core I atom has increased the size of its octet. This electron is responsible for giving it a -ve charge.
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What is the table called for elements?
Answer:
Periodic table
Explanation:
good
What is the purpose of the absorption and radiation by land and water lab?
The purpose of the absorption and radiation by land and water lab is to analyze the earth's surface.
The Land and Water Absorption and Emission Laboratory evaluate how different surface materials on Earth absorb heat, and how the angle of separation affects how the planet's surface heats up. Designed to show you what to do. It took me about an hour to complete the lab. Earth's surface absorbs much more solar radiation than water. This is because most land surfaces are darker than water. This of course means that it absorbs more solar radiation and heat. Water reflects most of the solar radiation that reaches its surface back to the atmosphere. , the portion of the Earth's surface covered in ice and snow that affects how much of the Sun's solar radiation is absorbed, warmed or reflected by the planet.
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What is toxic chemical exposure?
Chronic exposure is prolonged, continuous, or recurrent contact with a harmful chemical (months or years).
Meaning of the term multitudesThe term "masses" designates a sizable, all-inclusive group of commoners — members of a society's middle class.If you're extremely wealthy, you'll go in a private plane while the average person takes a crowded bus.The mass don't include royalty, rich people, famous individuals, or anyone in positions of power.The masses consist of everyone else.
The three masses are what?The three Christmas Masses—at midnight, dawn, and during the day—have a murky history, similar to many liturgical customs.Christmas as just a liturgical holiday celebrated on December 25 first appeared in Rome, somewhere about the year 330.
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Which statement best describes the usefulness of a model to investigate molecules at the microscopic level?(1 point)
A model’s usefulness depends on whether direct observations of phenomena can be made.
All models are useful.
A model’s usefulness depends on the accuracy of its predictions.
Models are not useful at all.
A statement best describes the usefulness of a model to investigate molecules at the microscopic level: A model’s usefulness depends on the accuracy of its predictions.
About scientific modelIn science, a model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Models are central to what scientists do, both in their research as well as when communicating their explanations.
Models in marine scienceProf John Montgomery discusses how and why scientists use models, with climate change as an example.
Models are a mental visual way of linking theory with experiment, and they guide research by being simplified representations of an imagined reality that enable predictions to be developed and tested by experiment.
Why scientists use modelsModels have a variety of uses – from providing a way of explaining complex data to presenting it as a hypothesis. There may be more than one model proposed by scientists to explain or predict what might happen in particular circumstances. Often scientists will argue about the 'rightness' of their model, and in the process, the model will evolve or be rejected. Consequently, models are central to the process of knowledge-building in science and demonstrate how science knowledge is tentative.
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biography of the person who discovered o2
Answer:
Oxygen was discovered independently by two chemists in the late 18th century: Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a Swedish chemist who is credited with the discovery of several elements, including oxygen, chlorine, and molybdenum. He was born on December 9, 1742, in Stralsund, Sweden, and showed an early interest in chemistry. In the 1770s, he made several important discoveries related to oxygen, including the fact that it is a gas and that it is necessary for combustion. However, he did not publish his findings until after Priestley had published his own work on oxygen. Scheele died on May 21, 1786, at the age of 43.
Joseph Priestley was an English scientist, philosopher, and theologian who is best known for his discovery of oxygen. He was born on March 13, 1733, in Birstall, England, and studied theology and science at the University of Leeds. In the 1770s, he conducted a series of experiments in which he isolated and described oxygen. He published his findings in 1774, in a book called "Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air." Priestley's work on oxygen helped to lay the foundations for modern chemistry and the understanding of combustion and respiration. He died on February 6, 1804, at the age of 70.
2naoh + h2so4 → na2so4 + h2o
the equation is___because the number of hydrogen atoms and atoms____is____in the reactants and in the products.
Unbalanced and Oxygen are the blank values which completes the statement regarding the given reaction.
[tex]2NaOH + H_2SO_4 - > Na_2SO_4 + H_2O[/tex] the equation is unbalanced because the number of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms is unequal in the reactant and in product side.
in order to fill the blank values we have to calculate the number of each atoms involved in the reaction on both side of the reaction.
i) [tex]Na[/tex] atom
LHS = total number of [tex]Na[/tex] atoms on the left side of the reaction
LHS = 2*1
RHS = total number of [tex]Na[/tex] atoms on the right side of the reaction
RHS = 1*2
LHS = RHS so [tex]Na[/tex] atoms are balanced on both side.
ii) [tex]H[/tex] atom
LHS = total number of [tex]H[/tex] atoms on the left side of the reaction
LHS = 2* 1+ 1 *2 =4
RHS = total number of [tex]H[/tex] atoms on the right side of the reaction
RHS = 1 *2 = 2
LHS ≠ RHS so [tex]H[/tex] atoms are unbalanced on both side.
iii) [tex]O[/tex] atom
LHS = total number of [tex]O[/tex] atoms on the left side of the reaction
LHS = 2*1+ 4 =6
RHS = total number of [tex]O[/tex] atoms on the right side of the reaction
RHS = 1*4 + 1 =5
LHS ≠ RHS so [tex]O[/tex] atoms are unbalanced on both side.
iv) [tex]S[/tex] atom
LHS = total number of [tex]S[/tex] atoms on the left side of the reaction
LHS = 1
RHS = total number of [tex]S[/tex] atoms on the right side of the reaction
RHS = 1
LHS = RHS so [tex]S[/tex] atoms are balanced on both side.
from the above comparisons we can observe than the complete reaction is unbalanced and [tex]H[/tex] and [tex]O[/tex] have different count in reactant and product side.
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Part A What is the relationship between the following compounds? constitutional isomers enantiomers diastereomers identical
The relationship between the following compounds is diastereomers. The correct option is c.
What are diastereomers?Diastereomers frequently contain substances with ring structures. Consider two compounds that each have two substituents—a chlorine atom and an ethyl group—and each has a six-membered ring. Like our previous example, they do not mirror copies of one another, which designates them as diastereomers.
Diastereomers are substances that have the same molecular formula and arrangement of bound elements as other substances but are not mirror or superimposable copies of one another.
Therefore, the correct option is c, diastereomers.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below: The image of the compound is added.
What does it mean when a company talks about being carbon neutral it will capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide generated by their factories?
Companies become carbon neutral when when they calculate their carbon emission and compensate for what they have produced through carbon offsetting projects.
The term Carbon neutrality means having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon sinks. Removing carbon oxide from the atmosphere and then storing it is known as carbon sequestration. Companies use their carbon footprint as a basis for setting long-term reduction targets and deciding what action to take. for example, the switch to green electricity. In many cases, the potential for reductions in carbon emissions is restricted. It is not possible for a haulage company. Official proof of credible carbon neutrality is important to consumers. Carbon neutrality must be verified by means of a recognized label.
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What is the percent composition of Na2O?
Answer:
Composition of Sodium Oxide - Na 2 O Element - Mass Percent Sodium 45.9795g Sodium 45.9795g Oxygen 15.9994g Oxygen 15.9994g
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
TWO sodium atoms 2 X 22.99 = 45.98
ONE oxygen atom 15.999
total = 61.979
Sodium percent = 45.98 / 61.979 = 74 %
the remainder is Oxygen 26%
Why is dichloromethane (dcm) a good organic solvent to solubilize benzoic acid and acetanilide?
The dichloromethane (DCM) a good organic solvent to solubilize benzoic acid and acetanilide because of the polarity of dichloromethane.
The DCM is a good organic solvent because it is volatile and have the ability to dissolve a wide range of the organic compound. the solubility of the benzoic acid and the acetanilide in the dichloromethane is due the polarity. the like dissolves like. the DCM is less polar solvent.
The DCM dissolves the non ionic compounds and the slightly polar compounds. the water is the polar compound and it dissolves the ionic compound and the polar compounds. this is the reason dichloromethane (DCM) a good organic solvent to solubilize benzoic acid and acetanilide.
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the reaction of no cl2 --> nocl cl is found to have an equilibrium constant of 1.1 x 10 ^8 at a particular temperature. what does this mean about the relative amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium
At equilibrium, there is a much higher concentration of products than reactants.
What is equilibrium?
Equilibrium is a state of balance in which all forces acting on an object are equal and opposite, resulting in the object being motionless. It is a state of being when the forces acting on a system are balanced and no further change will occur unless an external force is applied. Equilibrium can be seen in everyday life; for example, when a pencil is balanced on its pointed tip, the forces of gravity and the reaction of the pencil on the surface are equal and opposite, allowing the pencil to remain motionless.
K= [products]/[reactants]
If K=1 then concentration of reactants and products are equal.
If K>1 that means [Products]>[reactants]
so,it is the case because K= 1×10⁸>1
So, at equilibrium there is much higher concentration of products than reactants.
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How many electrons fit in p orbital?
How do you find elements that will form an ionic compound?
Answer:
Ionic compounds generally form between elements that are metals and elements that are nonmetals. For example, the metal calcium (Ca) and the nonmetal chlorine (Cl) form the ionic compound calcium chloride (CaCl2).
Explanation:
PLEASE HELP
How do scientists determine a nucleus' location within an atom?
A. by measuring half the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
B. by splitting the atom into an ion and measuring the nucleus' size
C. by dividing the atomic radius by a factor of 2 D. by sending an electric current through the atom and measuring the amount of nucleus resistance
Scientists determine a nucleus' location within an atom by A. measuring half the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
What are the Covalent radius and the atomic number?The Covalent radius is a value used to understand the covalent bonded atoms, while the atomic number refers to the number of protons and neutrons that are present in a given atomic nucleus, which allows us to obtain the relative distance between one atom and other atoms.
This value (the atomic number) is useful in chemistry in order to determine different elements since they are composed of a variable number of positively charged protons and neutrons in the nucleus, as well as the number of negatively charged electrons in the orbitals of the atom.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the Covalent radius and atomic number are fundamental in order to determine the number of protons and neutrons and this info is associated with the relative distance observed between two bonded atoms.
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What is the product of the following reactions?
Answer:
where are the reactions.................
Explanation:
if 20.0 ml of 0.10 m ba(no3)2 are added to 50.0 ml of 0.10 m na2co3, will baco3 precipitate?
When 20.0 ml of 0.10 m Ba(NO₃)₂ (aq) and 50.0 ml of 0.10 m Na₂CO₃ (aq) are mixed together, a precipitate of BaCO₃ will be formed.
In aqueous solution, precipitation is defined as the process of turning a soluble substance into an insoluble solid from a supersaturated solution.
Precipitation of a compound generally occur when its concentration exceeds its solubility. This may happen due to temperature changes, solvent evaporation, or mixing of solvents. Precipitation always occurs faster from a highly oversaturated solution.
When the barium chloride solution reacts with sulfuric acid, a white precipitate of barium sulfate is formed in the product side.
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7. A speaker carries a current of 6.4 A when connected to a 120 V source. What is the power output of the speaker? O 1207 W O 982 W O 768 W O 495 W
The power output of the circuit is the product of the voltage and current passing through the circuit. Hence the power of the speaker carrying a current of 6.4 A when connected to 120 V is 768 W.
What is power?Power is the rate of work done. Its unit is Watt. Power of a device is directly proportional to the current, voltage as well as to the resistance.
The expression relating the power, current and resistance is:
P = I² R
According to Ohm's law, V = I R
Thus, P = I V.
Given that, voltage V = 120 V
current I = 6.4 A.
Thus power P = 120 V × 6.4 A = 768 W.
Therefore, the power of the speaker carrying a current of 6.4 A when it is connected to 120 V source is 768 Watt.
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in an ionic or covalent substance, electrons are shared or transferred between no more than two atoms at a time. however, in a metallic substance, electrons are shared among all of the metal atoms in the sample. how does this explain why metals are more malleable and ductile than ionic and covalent compounds?
Since the electrons in metals are shared across all of the metal atoms in the sample as "sea of electrons" which surrounds the metal ions, making metals more malleable and ductile than ionic and covalent substance.
A metallic composition of all metal atoms surrounds the metal ions with a "sea" of shared electrons. It is assumed that this electron sea is the source of the great conductivity, malleability, and ductility that make metals unique.
Metal ions can easily pass by one another and twist the metal without breaking it because of the electron sea in a metallic body. On the other hand, it is more challenging to modify ionic and covalent molecules without rupturing the bonds due to the strong chemical bonds that hold them together. Because of this, ionic and covalent compounds are less ductile and malleable than metals.
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What is the freezing temperature of a solution of 95.0 g of sucrose c12h22o11 in 225.0 g of water which freezes at 0.00 C when pure KF of water 1.86 C M?
As a result, will be 2.29 degrees Celsius. Thus, this represents the needed solution's freezing point.
What is depression at the freezing point?
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in an organic solvent, a phenomena known as freezing point depression takes place.
The freezing point of the solvent is lowered below its usual freezing point by the addition of the solute. This is a result of the solute's presence, which causes the solvent's vapour pressure to fall.
This phenomena is crucial to the study of colligative characteristics, which deal with how the presence of solutes lowers a solution's freezing point, boiling temperature, and vapour pressure.
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As a result, will be 2.29 degrees Celsius. Thus, this represents the needed solution's freezing temprature.
What is depression at the freezing point?When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in an organic solvent, a phenomena known as freezing point depression takes place.
The freezing point of the solvent is lowered below its usual freezing point by the addition of the solute. This is a result of the solute's presence, which causes the solvent's vapour pressure to fall.
This phenomena is crucial to the study of colligative characteristics, which deal with how the presence of solutes lowers a solution's freezing point, boiling temperature, and vapour pressure.
How to calculate it?Molar mass of sucrose is equal to 342.297 g/mol (12 x 12.011 + 22 x 1.008 + 11 x 15.999).
1000 g = 1 Kg
As a starting point, let's determine how many moles of sucrose there are: (mass of sucrose/molar mass of sucrose) = (115.0 g/342.297 g/mol) = 0.3360 mol
Next, determine the molality of the sucrose solution: (moles of sucrose per kilogramme of solvent) = (0.3360 mol per 0.35 kilogramme) = 0.96 mol/kg or 0.96 m
Water does not allow the glucose molecules to associate or dissociate, hence the Van't Hoff factor I is equal to 1.
T f = I x Kf x m) = (1 x 1.853 deg C/m x 0.96 m) = 1.78 deg C is the depression in the freezing point of sucrose solution.
Pure water has a freezing point of 0 degrees Celsius.
So, the freezing point of a solution of sucrose is equal to (0 - 1.78), or - 1.78 degrees Celsius.
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Why is rms calculated?
The RMS or the root mean square velocity of a gas particle is calculated because the net velocity of a gas sample is always zero.
The velocity of a given sample of gas is calculated because the temperature is directly related to the velocity of the gas particles. The reason we use RMS velocity instead of average velocity is that any gas sample always has its net velocity be zero. This is because the particles of the gas sample are always moving in all directions. So if we take the average velocity of the gas sample which becomes zero, the temperature will also be affected which is not the case in reality. Therefore, RMS velocity is always used instead of average velocity.
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Indicate the oxidation number of carbon and sulfur the in following compounds.Procedurea. CO b. CO2 c. Na2CO3d. Na2C2O4 e. CH4 f. H2COg. SO2 h. SO3 i. Na2SO4j. Na2SO3 k. Na2S2O3 l. Na2S4O6m. SCl2 n. Na2S2 o. SOCl2
Oxidation number of C is a) +2 b) +4 c) +4 d) +3 e) -4 f) 0 g) +4 h) +6 i)+6
j) +4 k) +2 l)2.5 m) -2 n) -1 o) +4
A) CO
x + (-2) = 0
Thus, x = +2
Oxidation number of C = +2
B) CO2
x + 2 (-2) = 0
x = +4
Oxidation number of C = +4
C) Na2CO3
2 (+1) + x + 3(-2) =0
2 + x -6 = 0
x = +4
Oxidation number of C = +4
D) Na2C2O4
2(+1) + 2x + 4(-2)
2x = +
x = +3
Oxidation number of C = +3
E) CH4
x + 4(+1) = -4
Oxidation number of C = -4
F) H2CO
2(+1) + x (-2) =0
x = 0
Oxidation number of C = 0
G) SO2
x + 2 (-2) = 0
x = +4
H) SO3
x + 3(-2) = 0
x = +6
I) Na2SO4
2(+1) + x + 2(--4)
x = +6
K) Na2SO3
2(+1) + x + 3(-2) =0
2 + x -6 = 0
x =+4
K) Na2S2O3
2(+1) + 2x + 3(-2) =0
2x = +4
x = +2
L) Na2S4O6
2(+1) + 4 x + 6(-2) =0
4x = 10
x = 2.5
M)SCl2
x + 2(-1) = 0
x = -2
N) Na2S2
2(+1) + 2x = 0
x = -1
O) SOCl2
x + -2 + 2(-1)
X = +4
An atom's hypothetical charge, or oxidation number, would be zero if all of its links to other atoms were completely ionic. It describes how much an atom in a chemical compound has oxidised (lost electrons). The oxidation state could theoretically be zero, positive, or negative. Owing to the fact that many bonds in nature exhibit high ionicity despite the absence of fully ionic bonds, the oxidation state is a good indicator of charge.
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