Answer:
C
Explanation:
it is chemical, not physical
how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have after cell division is complete
Answer:
23 chromosomes
Explanation:
46/2
Transcription of a part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of A-A-A-C-A-A-C-T-T results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of:
The molecule of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
The Atlantic ocean grows in size due to a _____.
• A. thrust boundary
• B. convergent boundary
• C. divergent boundary
• D. transform boundary
According to the research, the correct answer is Option C. The Atlantic ocean grows in size due to a divergent boundary.
What is a divergent boundary?It is characterized by two plates that move in the opposite direction, approaching each other.
In this sense, in general it can form both on the ocean floor for example, mid-oceanic ridges producing constant volcanic activity that is forming new oceanic lithosphere causing an expansion in the Atlantic Ocean.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, oceanic ridges (a divergent boundary), displace both segments of a ridge therefore the Atlantic ocean grows in size.
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Suppose you live in a tribal society, how might you use everyday forms of resistance (i.e., weapons of the weak) to
oppose the cultural changes brought about by globalization? Disucss TWO ways.
Answer:
There are many ways that people living in a tribal society might use everyday forms of resistance to oppose the cultural changes brought about by globalization. Here are two possible ways:
One way to resist globalizing forces is to preserve and maintain traditional cultural practices, such as religious ceremonies, music, dance, storytelling, and other forms of cultural expression. By continuing to engage in these activities and passing them down to younger generations, people can preserve their cultural heritage and resist the homogenizing effects of globalization.
Another way to resist globalizing forces is to use the power of collective action and organizing. For example, people in a tribal society might come together to form community organizations or advocacy groups that work to protect their rights and interests. These groups can engage in activities such as lobbying local and national governments, organizing protests and demonstrations, and raising awareness about the negative impacts of globalization on their communities. By working together, people can use their collective power to push back against the cultural changes brought about by globalization.
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Explanation:
4. Determine the time of protein synthesis from 20 amino acids in Escherichia coli cells
Answer:
E. coli can synthesize all of the amino acids from inorganic compounds and glucose but it is also capable of transporting intact amino acids into the cell from the extracellular environment.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
Protein synthesis, or translation, is the process by which cells synthesize proteins from amino acids using the information stored in their DNA. In Escherichia coli cells, protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes, which are small, specialized organelles that translate the genetic code in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids.
The time it takes to synthesize a protein from 20 amino acids will depend on a number of factors, including the size and complexity of the protein, the efficiency of the ribosomes, and the availability of the necessary amino acids and other resources. In general, the rate of protein synthesis in E. coli cells is relatively fast, with some ribosomes able to synthesize up to 20 amino acids per second. This means that it could potentially take only a few seconds to synthesize a small protein consisting of 20 amino acids. However, it is important to note that this is just a rough estimate and the actual time may vary depending on the specific circumstances.
An expanse of sea away from land
The Sea is the name given to the body of salt water that encircles all of the land masses on Earth and covers the majority of its surface.
What Is the sea ?
The Sea is the name given to the body of salt water that encircles all of the land masses on Earth and covers the majority of its surface. Sea refers to the portion of the ocean that is partly encircled by land. There are also situations, like the Caspian Sea, when the sea is entirely landlocked.
What Is an Ocean ?
A large portion of a planet's hydrosphere is made up of oceans. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface. The Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Antarctic Ocean are the world's five oceans.
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The correct question is -
Difference expanse of sea away from land.
List three characteristics of tropical rain forests.
Answer:
Tropical rain forests are characterized by:
High humidity and rainfall: Tropical rain forests are characterized by high humidity and high rainfall, typically receiving more than 200 cm (80 inches) of rain per year. This high rainfall is due to the presence of warm, moist air that is constantly being carried inland from the oceans by trade winds.
Dense vegetation: Tropical rain forests are characterized by dense vegetation, including a wide variety of trees, vines, and other plants. The canopy of the rain forest, made up of the tops of the tallest trees, can be up to 50 meters (165 feet) above the ground.
High species diversity: Tropical rain forests are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. These ecosystems are thought to contain more than half of all the species of plants, animals, and insects on the planet.
In addition to these characteristics, tropical rain forests are also characterized by their location, which is typically within the equatorial region of the planet, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
FILL IN THE BLANK 4 points item 22 generalizing from the text, one would predict that characteristics that exhibit a _____ degree of canalization would display a _______ level of concordance in monozygotic twins.
Generalizing from the text, one would predict that characteristics that exhibit a high degree of canalization would display a high level of concordance in monozygotic twins.
Whenever a single egg cell is fertilized by a solitary sperm cell, it results in monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins. Early in development, the subsequent zygote divides into two, causing the development of two different embryos. Monozygotic victories occur in nearly 4 out of every 1,000 births worldwide.
Canalisation is an amount of a population's capacity to generate the same phenotype irrespective of environmental or genotypic variability. It's a type of evolutionary toughness.
Semi-identical or half-twins are an unique type of monozygotic twins that occur when two distinct sperm fertilize one egg. This is another case in which you can obtain two genders, but they are not truly "identical" twins because the egg was fertilized by two sperm rather than one.
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protein folding none of the responses are correct is completed by the time the protein is released from the ribosome is govern solely by the chemistry of the protein is completed when the polypeptide chain folds around itself
Disulfide bridges add additional stability to the 3-D structure and are often required for correct protein folding and function.
The elongated shape and thickened cell walls of the cells in collenchyma
tissue produce tough, flexible fibers in plant stems and leaf stalks. This
structure enables the tissue to perform which function?
A. Allow root caps to extend root hairs into the soil
B. Allow water to flow upward through a plant
C. Allow stems and leaves to bend without breaking
D. Allow the chloroplasts in the cells to photosynthesize
A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed is crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed. This cross produces four progeny types in the F1:[round, yellow], [wrinkled, yellow], [round, green], and [wrinkled, green].use this information to deduce the genotypes of the parent plants. indicate the genotypes by dragging the correct label to the appropriate location.Here is what the question looks like if that helps: All it is asking for is the 2 parent genotypes but I'm not sure of the answer... if someone can explain and help me out I would appreciate it!
A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed when crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed ,that genotype is called as parent genotype.
The sort of variant present at a particular locus (i.e., locale) in the genome is scored by what is known as a genotype. Images can be utilized to represent it. The genuine DNA grouping, like CC, CT, or TT, can likewise act as a portrayal of a genotype. In a solitary examination, the genotypes at a large number of destinations in a genome can be resolved utilizing DNA sequencing and different strategies.
The cross likewise creates crumpled descendants, so the [round, yellow] parent should be heterozygous (Rr): On the off chance that it were RR, the offspring would be all Rr and have a round aggregate." - Dominating Hereditary qualities.
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(Complete question) is:
A plant grown from a [round, yellow] seed is crossed with a plant grown from a [wrinkled, yellow] seed. This cross produces four progeny types in the F1: [round, yellow], [wrinkled, yellow], [round, green], and [wrinkled, green]. Use this information to deduce the genotypes of the parent plants.
Please help this is environmental science : )
Concept maps are diagrams that represent information visually.
What are examples of concept map?Concept maps are diagrams that represent information visually. Charts, visual organizers, tables, flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, timelines, and T-charts are a few examples of how they might be presented.Concept maps may provide a graphically explicit way to depict and analyze the complex relationships between the different parties that characterize environmental challenges.Environmental science aims to shed light on how life on Earth is maintained, what causes our numerous environmental issues, and how to address them. The field of environmental science and management studies the relationships and interactions between people and the environment.To learn more about Concept maps refer,
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Think about the gametes each parent plant will produce. List the allele in each gamete.
Parent plant with white flowers:
Gamete 1:
Gamete 2:
Gamete 3:
Gamete 4:
Parent plant with red flowers:
Gamete 1:
Gamete 2:
Gamete 3:
Gamete 4:
Gametes are the sex haploid cells produced by a diploid germ cell through meiotic division. Parent 1) Gamete 1: W, gamete 2: W, gamete 3: W, gamete 4: W. Parent 2) Gamete 1: w, gamete 2: w, gamete 3: w, gamete 4: w.
What are gametes?Gametes are sex haploid cells (n) that result from meiotic division. During meiosis, a diploid germ cells divides into four haploid cell -the gametes-.
Each gamete carries half the genetic material of its parental cell. It contains only one of the alleles.
In the exposed example, we need to determine the parental gametes of two snapdragon plants concerning flower color.
Snapdragon plants express incomplete dominance for flower color, meaning that
WW plants express white flowersww plants express red flowersWw plants express pink flowers.First, we need to determine the parental genotype of a cross between a homozygous plant for white flowers with a homozygous plant for red flowers.
Parental 1: WW ⇒ White phenotype
Parental 2: ww ⇒ Red phenotype
The whole progeny resulting from this cross will be pink, Ww.
Now, we need to determine the parental gametes.
Parent plant with white flowers: WWThe germ cell is WW. This cell divides into four haploid cells carrying only one of the alleles. So,
Gamete 1: W
Gamete 2: W
Gamete 3: W
Gamete 4: W
Parent plant with red flowers: wwThe germ cell is ww. Repeating the same reasoning as before, this diploid cell divides into four haploid cells carrying only one of the alleles. So,
Gamete 1: w
Gamete 2: w
Gamete 3: w
Gamete 4: w
Now we can make the Punnett square representing the cross and using these gametes.
Parentals) WW x ww
Gametes) W W w w
Punnett square)
W W
w Ww WW
w Ww Ww
F1) 100% Ww pink flowers
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Complete question:
Snapdragons are popular garden plants that produce brightly colored flowers. When a plant that is homozygous for white flowers is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for red flowers, all offspring are pink.
Snapdragons are an example of a plant that exhibits an inheritance pattern called incomplete dominance.
1. Determine the genotype of each parent plant and write them below. Use W to indicate the allele for white
flowers and w to indicate the allele for red flowers.
Genotype of homozygous parent plant with white flowers:
Genotype of homozygous parent plant with red flowers:
2. Next, think about the gametes each parent plant will produce. List the allele in each gamete.
Parent plant with white flowers:
Gamete 1:Gamete 2:Gamete 3:Gamete 4:Parent plant with red flowers:
Gamete 1:Gamete 2:Gamete 3:Gamete 4:3. The two parent plants are the P generation, or parent generation. Create a Punnett square to show their offspring, the F1 generation.
Fossilized life forms which, according to Darwin, show a transition between one species and another are called...
answer choices
Distinct layers of rock
Index fossils
Intermediate links
Transitional forms
Your anwser is Transitional forms.
Which of the following is most closely associated with hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals?
Hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals are most closely associated with the vestibular system. The vestibular system is responsible for maintaining balance and coordination. It is made up of three semicircular canals and the vestibule, which houses the organs of equilibrioception. The semicircular canals are filled with endolymphatic fluid and are lined with hair-like sensory receptors called cristaeampullaris.
These hair-like receptors detect any changes in the orientation of the head and relay this information to the brain. The cristaeampullaris are sensitive to angular acceleration, which is the rate of change in the head’s orientation. When the head moves, the endolymphatic fluid within the semicircular canals moves along with it, stimulating the cristaeampullaris and sending signals to the brain. This allows the brain to process the information and respond appropriately to maintain balance and coordination.
The vestibular system is also important for controlling eye movements. The semicircular canals are connected to the oculomotor nerve, which is responsible for controlling eye movements. When the head moves, the information from the cristaeampullaris is sent to the oculomotor nerve, which then sends signals to the eye muscles to cause them to move in the same direction as the head. This allows us to maintain eye contact with objects in our environment, even when our head is moving.
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which statement about bacteria is false? consumption of even a few bacterial cells can cause food-borne illnesses. most environmental bacteria are harmless. bacteria are present on most surfaces in our homes. some bacteria are beneficial.
Answer: A: Consumption of even a few bacterial cells can cause food-borne illnesses
Explanation:
Which statement about bacteria is FALSE?
a) Consumption of even a few bacterial cells can cause food-borne illnesses
.b) Most environmental bacteria are harmless.
c) Bacteria are present on most surfaces in our homes.
d) Some bacteria are beneficial.
I took the test :3
include examples such as euglena, a photosynthetic protist, amanita, a poisonous fungi, gingko biloba, an ancient tree, and humans.
Examples of eukarya include humans, amanita, a deadly fungus, Ginkgo Biloba, and euglena, a photosynthetic protest.
Eukarya are organisms with one cell or several cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. The only domain that includes multicellular, visible organisms including humans, animals, plants, and trees is the eukarya. Numerous microorganisms, including fungi, algae, and micro animals. All organisms with a nucleus fall under the domain Eukarya. The last four kingdoms of the six kingdom structure are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Eukaryotic cells feature a membrane-bound nucleus and a central cavity that contains the genetic material of the cell. The compartments with specific functionalities that are membrane-bound and floating in the cytoplasm.
Hence, eukarya domain includes eukaryotic cell possessing organism.
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Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted liÅts, or diagrams alone are not acceptable and will not be scored The stems and fruits of pineapple plants contain a group of protein-digesting enzymes collectively called bromelain and often used as an antibrowning agent for fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables brown when they are bruised during transport or sliced and exposed to air. This browning is controlled by enzymatic pathways that produce brown pigments. The browning of fruits and vegetables reduces the nutritional value of the food, so antibrowning agents such as bromelain are used (a) Identify the type of monomer of which this enzyme is composed (b) Bromelain works by breaking the enzymes that cause browning into smaller molecules Explain how the reaction that breaks up the enzymes occurs.
(c) The pH of a solution determines the charge of certain groups. The pH of pineapple fruit ranges from 3.5 to 5.2. Predict the effect on the activity of bromelain if it is used in a product with a pH of 11 (d) Provide reasoning to justify your prediction
(a) Bromelain is an enzyme, which means that it is composed of proteins. Specifically, it is composed of polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
(b) The reaction that breaks up the enzymes occurs through hydrolysis, which is the process by which bromelain cleaves the peptide bonds between amino acids.
(c) If bromelain is used in a product with a pH of 11, it is likely to have a negative effect on the activity of the enzyme.
(d) The reasoning to justify this prediction is that the pH of a solution determines the charge of certain groups within the enzyme, and changes in pH can alter the shape and conformation of the enzyme. At a pH that is significantly different from the optimal range, the enzyme may become denatured, which means that the specific shape and conformation of the enzyme is altered and the active site is no longer able to bind effectively to the substrate. This can lead to a decrease in the activity of the enzyme.
Bromelain has a specific active site, which is a region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate (in this case, the enzymes that cause browning). The substrate fits into the active site like a key in a lock, and the enzyme then catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction by adding a water molecule to the bond, breaking it apart and releasing the smaller molecules.
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this grapelike out-pouching lined with epithelium and supported by a thin, elastic basement membrane is the site where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
In the lungs, alveolus gas exchange takes place. when the site is a grapelike out-pouching that is epithelium-lined and supported by a thin, elastic basement membrane.
What illness causes bronchial constriction that causes wheezing and shortness of breath?Asthma or bronchial asthma is a lung condition. Excess mucus constricts and swells your airways, obstructing them. These symptoms may respond well to medication.
Which airways are able to constrict and dilate because they have smooth muscle in their walls but lack cartilage?While respiratory bronchioles are supported by cartilage, bronchioles have smooth muscle but no cartilage in their walls.
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Genes A and B are farther apart than genes A and C, and all three genes are linked. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from this information? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY Gene Cmight be between genes A and B. Gene B might be between genes A and C. Gene A might be between genes B and C. More crossovers will occur between genes A and C than between A and B More crossovers will occur between genes A and B than between genes A and C.
The following conclusions could be drawn from this information:
a) Gene C might be between genes A and B.
c) Gene A might be between genes C and B.
e) More crossovers will occur between genes A and B than between genes A and C
When two genes are located closer to each other on a chromosome and are passed down as a single unit. Then, those genes are referred to as linked genes. Genes are considered linked if their recombination frequency is less than 50%.
Given that the A and B genes are further apart than the C and A genes, the sequence could consist of A, C, and B genes. Option E is correct; the C gene may be situated between the A and B genes.
it is possible that A and B genes are further apart than A and C genes, indicating that A and B genes are further apart than A and C genes. Crossovers are more likely to occur between genes that are further apart. Because the distance between the A and B genes and the C genes is greater, there will be more crossover between the A and B genes than there is between the C and A genes. B is incorrect, whereas A is correct.
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which of the following best describes the component that metformin represents in a signal transduction pathway that regulates glucose production in the liver?
Metformin is a ligand that activates the signal transduction pathway of the activation of AMPK that regulates glucose production in the liver.
Metformin activates muscle AMPK and promotes glucose uptake.
Incubation of secluded muscles with metformin influenced in an increase in the activity of both catalytic subunits of AMPK.
At the molecular position, metformin inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity( via effects on fat metabolism) and lowering cAMP, therefore reducing the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. The centre of metformin's mechanism of action is the remodeling of the energy metabolism of the cell. Metformin exerts its prevailing, glucose- lowering effect by constraining hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon.
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select all that apply growth hormone . multiple select question. decreases synthesis of proteins is released by the anterior pituitary increases cellular use of fats stimulates cell division
Growth hormones (GH) : is released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates cell division, increases cellular use of fats.
Human growth hormone is a natural hormone produced by your pituitary gland that promotes growth, aids in the maintenance of normal body structure, and regulates metabolism in both children and adults. Growth hormones aids in maintaining a normal body structure and metabolism, along with the maintenance of healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Hormones are chemicals that help your body coordinate different functions by transporting signals through your blood to your organs, muscles, and other tissues. These signals instruct your body on what to do and when.
The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland situated at the base of the brain, beneath the hypothalamus. It is divided into two lobes: anterior (front) and posterior (back). The anterior lobe of your brain produces Growth hormones.
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Many biological structures are composed of smaller units assembled into more complex structures
having functions based on their structural organization.
For THREE of the following complex structures, describe the smaller units, their assembly into the
larger structures, and one major function of these larger, organized structures. (a) A eukaryotic chromosome
(b) A mature angiosperm root
(c) A colony of bees
(d) An inner membrane of a mitochondrion (e) An enzyme
Bigger structure assembly, and one main function:
Eukaryotic chromosomes: Serve as bodies that can bind and absorb the colors contained in the cell nucleus. The order of the smallest to the largest, gene → DNA → chromosome → NucleusMitochondrial inner membrane: Serves to produce energy. From smallest to largest, mitochondrial matrix → inner member → space between members → outer memberEnzymes: Function to build muscles, destroy toxins, and break down food particles during the digestive process. The order of the order from smallest to largest, amino acids → polypeptide chain. These amino acids are made of carboxyl groups, R groups, carbon atoms, and amino groups.Traits passed from parent to child are stored in the genes. Physically, the gene itself is a sequence of nitrogenous bases contained in DNA. DNA is a type of nucleic acid with a double chain composed of a phosphate molecule, ribose sugar (5-carbon chain) of the deoxyribose type, and a nitrogenous base. The DNA strands then combine with histone proteins and non-histone proteins to form chromatin threads. These chromatin threads come together, condense, shorten, and condense to form chromosomes. At the time of cell division, chromosomes can be observed using a microscope. Chromosomes themselves are found in the cell nucleus or nucleus in eukaryotic cells and spread in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
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Please help! Some organisms like squirrels will give a warning call if a predator is near. Why do squirrels do this if they threaten their own existence?
The group's chances of survival can be improved and danger can be avoided as a result. While calling out a warning might put one squirrel in danger, the advantages of alerting the rest of the group
The definition of organism:
A living human, plant, or animal is a single living entity that depends on other living things to carry out its functions. organismic.
How does it become an organism?
An organism is a thing that has life in it. Molecules are the essential building blocks of both living and non-living objects. However, a living thing can be identified from an inanimate object by its unique characteristics. For instance, an organism is made up of one or more cells.
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The streamlined shape of the dolphin, seal and other swimming animals is most important for
A) overcoming the forces of gravity acting on the animal
B) reducing the mass of the animal's body
C) maintaining a consistent speed in the dense medium
D) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
D) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
The streamlined shape of dolphins, seals, and other swimming animals helps to reduce the drag that they experience as they move through the water. Drag is a type of force that acts in the opposite direction of motion, and it can significantly slow down an animal's movement through the water. By having a streamlined shape, these animals are able to minimize the amount of drag that they experience, which allows them to swim more efficiently and with less effort. This is especially important for animals that need to swim long distances or maintain a consistent speed in the water.\
D) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
The streamlined shape of dolphins, seals, and other swimming animals helps to reduce the drag that they experience as they move through the water. Drag is a type of force that acts in the opposite direction of motion, and it can significantly slow down an animal's movement through the water. By having a streamlined shape, these animals are able to minimize the amount of drag that they experience, which allows them to swim more efficiently and with less effort. This is especially important for animals that need to swim long distances or maintain a consistent speed in the water.
Dr. Berry, who employs the ecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Berry is studying development at the _________ level of environmental influence.
A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem
Dr. Berry was studying development in context of the mesosystem level of environmental influence.
What environment means?the totality of one's surroundings, situations, or influences; milieu. The environment that an organism is in at any particular time, including the air, water, minerals, creatures, and all other external variables.Who should protect the environment?As per the Article 51-A (g) of the Indian Constitution, "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living... ", environmental protection has been made a fundamental responsibility of every citizen of India.
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fi the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, what would a student expect to see? a) pink helical cells b) purple rod shaped cells c) red spherical cells d) blue coiled cells
If the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, the student is expected to see Purple rod shaped cells.
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that show a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is typically used to quickly characterize bacteria into two broad categories based on cell wall type. Gram-positive bacilli (rods) are classified based on their capability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are rods that produce spores. Spore-forming rods can survive in harsh surroundings for many years.
Although gram-negative bacteria are more difficult to eradicate, gram-positive bacteria could still lead to problems. Many species cause disease and necessitate the use of specific antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are those that remain purple. Gram-negative bacteria turn pink or red when exposed to light.
Gram-positive bacteria are those with a thick cell wall. They have a purple or blue appearance. This is because the cell wall retains the color of the staining technique
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Label the parts of the neuron:
Axon, axon bulb, axon hillock, dendrite, myelin/Schwann cell, nucleus, node of Ranvier
A.
B.
nucleus in A B. axon Axon Hillock, C. Myelin D Dendrite E. Node of Ranvier, F. axon bulb G
Where does the axon hillock of a neuron reside?Its axons hillock, which is located close to the soma's end, controls how the neuron fires. If the total strength of a signals is greater than the threshold limit of the axon hillock, the construct will discharge a signal known as an excitable cells down the axon.
What opens at the axon hillock?At threshold voltage, voltage-gated sodium ions in the axon hillock open. The axon hillock contains a relatively high density of voltage-gated sodium channels, which are responsible for generating the action potential.
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Based on the food web above, describe the most direct impact of a decrease in zooplankton population caused by microplastics.
Answer:
Microplastics are abundant and widespread in the marine environment. They are a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. Due to their small size a wide range of marine species, including zooplankton can ingest them. Research has shown that microplastics are readily ingested by several zooplankton taxa, with associated negative impacts on biological processes. Zooplankton is a crucial food source for many secondary consumers, consequently this represents a route whereby microplastic could enter the food web and transfer up the trophic levels. In this review we aim to: 1) evaluate the current knowledge base regarding microplastic ingestion by zooplankton in both the laboratory and the field; and 2) summarise the factors which contribute to the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton. Current literature shows that microplastic ingestion has been recorded in 39 zooplankton species from 28 taxonomic orders including holo- and meroplanktonic species. The majority of studies occurred under laboratory conditions and negative effects were reported in ten studies (45%) demonstrating effects on feeding behaviour, growth, development, reproduction and lifespan. In contrast, three studies (14%) reported no negative effects from microplastic ingestion. Several physical and biological factors can influence the bioavailability of microplastics to zooplankton, such as size, shape, age and abundance. We identified that microplastics used in experiments are often different to those quantified in the marine environment, particularly in terms of concentration, shape, type and age. We therefore suggest that future research should include microplastics that are more representative of those found in the marine environment at relevant concentrations. Additionally, investigating the effects of microplastic ingestion on a broader range of zooplankton species and life stages, will help to answer key knowledge gaps regarding the effect of microplastic on recruitment, species populations and ultimately broader economic consequences such as impacts on shell- and finfish stocks.
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which of the following is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life? group of answer choices replication of primitive genes formation of polypeptide spheres formation of organic polymers formation of simple organic molecules
Formation of organic monomers such as amino acids is thought to have been the first step in the origin of life.
Single monomers do not exist in amino acids. They are basic compounds with an amino group and a carboxylic acid group confined to the same molecule. Instead, amino acids are protein monomers, which are long chains of amino acids joined together by amide bonds.
Protein—A large organic molecule with a complex structure. Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids.
Because they contain carbon, amino acids are organic monomers. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are common amino acid elements. Some amino acids contain other elements, such as sulfur.
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